update besu-native libraries (#1499)

Update the besu-native libraries to 0.3.0 to gain access to faster BN128 and secp256k1 implementations. Signed-off-by: Danno Ferrin <danno.ferrin@gmail.com>
4 years ago · 491a1cef50
parent f14f28b977
commit 491a1cef50
12 changed files with 760 additions and 79 deletions
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 * Prioritize high gas prices during mining. Previously we ordered only by the order in which the transactions were received. This will increase expected profit when mining. [\#1449](https://github.com/hyperledger/besu/pull/1449)
 * Added support for the updated smart contract-based [node permissioning EEA interface](https://entethalliance.github.io/client-spec/spec.html#dfn-connectionallowed). [\#1435](https://github.com/hyperledger/besu/pull/1435)
 * Added EvmTool binary to the distribution.  EvmTool is a CLI that can execute EVM bytecode and execute ethereum state tests. [\#1465](https://github.com/hyperledger/besu/pull/1465)
+* Updated the libraries for secp256k1 and AltBN series precompiles. These updates provide significant performance improvements to those areas. [\#1499](https://github.com/hyperledger/besu/pull/1499)

 ### Bug Fixes

--- a/besu/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/cli/BesuCommand.java
+++ b/besu/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/cli/BesuCommand.java
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Wei;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.eth.sync.SyncMode;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.eth.sync.SynchronizerConfiguration;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.eth.transactions.TransactionPoolConfiguration;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.precompiles.AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.precompiles.AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.p2p.config.DiscoveryConfiguration;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.p2p.peers.EnodeDnsConfiguration;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.p2p.peers.EnodeURL;
@ -1269,7 +1269,7 @@ public class BesuCommand implements DefaultCommandValues, Runnable {

  private void configureNativeLibs() {
    if (unstableNativeLibraryOptions.getNativeAltbn128()) {
-      AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract.enableNative();
+      AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract.enableNative();
    }
    if (unstableNativeLibraryOptions.getNativeSecp256k1()) {
      SECP256K1.enableNative();
--- a/build.gradle
+++ b/build.gradle
@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ allprojects {
        include '**/src/*/java/**/*.java'
        exclude '**/generalstate/GeneralStateReferenceTest*.java'
        exclude '**/generalstate/GeneralStateRegressionReferenceTest*.java'
+        exclude '**/generalstate/LegacyGeneralStateReferenceTest*.java'
        exclude '**/blockchain/BlockchainReferenceTest*.java'
+        exclude '**/blockchain/LegacyBlockchainReferenceTest*.java'
        exclude '**/.gradle/**'
      }
      removeUnusedImports()
--- a/ethereum/core/build.gradle
+++ b/ethereum/core/build.gradle
@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ dependencies {
  implementation 'org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-api'
  implementation 'org.apache.tuweni:tuweni-bytes'
  implementation 'org.apache.tuweni:tuweni-units'
-  implementation 'org.hyperledger.besu:altbn128'
  implementation 'org.hyperledger.besu:bls12-381'
  implementation 'org.immutables:value-annotations'

--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/PrecompiledContract.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/PrecompiledContract.java
@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Gas;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.MessageFrame;

+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;

 /**
@ -50,5 +52,5 @@ public interface PrecompiledContract {
   * @param messageFrame context for this message
   * @return the output of the pre-compiled contract.
   */
-  Bytes compute(Bytes input, MessageFrame messageFrame);
+  Bytes compute(Bytes input, @Nonnull MessageFrame messageFrame);
 }
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract.java
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright ConsenSys AG.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
+ * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ *
+ */
+package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.precompiles;
+
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.AbstractPrecompiledContract;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.GasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.MessageFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.bls12_381.LibEthPairings;
+
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.IntByReference;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
+
+public abstract class AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract {
+
+  private static final Logger LOG = LogManager.getLogger();
+  static boolean useNative = true;
+
+  public static void enableNative() {
+    useNative = LibEthPairings.ENABLED;
+    LOG.info(
+        useNative
+            ? "Using LibEthPairings native alt bn128"
+            : "Native alt bn128 requested but not available");
+  }
+
+  private final byte operationId;
+
+  AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract(
+      final String name, final GasCalculator gasCalculator, final byte operationId) {
+    super(name, gasCalculator);
+    this.operationId = operationId;
+  }
+
+  public Bytes computeNative(final Bytes input, final MessageFrame messageFrame) {
+    final byte[] result = new byte[LibEthPairings.EIP196_PREALLOCATE_FOR_RESULT_BYTES];
+    final byte[] error = new byte[LibEthPairings.EIP2537_PREALLOCATE_FOR_ERROR_BYTES];
+
+    final IntByReference o_len =
+        new IntByReference(LibEthPairings.EIP196_PREALLOCATE_FOR_RESULT_BYTES);
+    final IntByReference err_len =
+        new IntByReference(LibEthPairings.EIP2537_PREALLOCATE_FOR_ERROR_BYTES);
+    final int errorNo =
+        LibEthPairings.eip196_perform_operation(
+            operationId, input.toArrayUnsafe(), input.size(), result, o_len, error, err_len);
+    if (errorNo == 0) {
+      return Bytes.wrap(result, 0, o_len.getValue());
+    } else {
+      final String errorString = new String(error, 0, err_len.getValue(), UTF_8);
+      messageFrame.setRevertReason(Bytes.wrap(error, 0, err_len.getValue()));
+      LOG.trace("Error executing precompiled contract {}: '{}'", getName(), errorString);
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+}
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AbstractBLS12PrecompiledContract.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AbstractBLS12PrecompiledContract.java
@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.PrecompiledContract;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.MessageFrame;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.bls12_381.LibEthPairings;

+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+
 import com.sun.jna.ptr.IntByReference;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractBLS12PrecompiledContract implements PrecompiledCon
  }

  @Override
-  public Bytes compute(final Bytes input, final MessageFrame messageFrame) {
+  public Bytes compute(final Bytes input, @Nonnull final MessageFrame messageFrame) {
    final byte[] result = new byte[LibEthPairings.EIP2537_PREALLOCATE_FOR_RESULT_BYTES];
    final byte[] error = new byte[LibEthPairings.EIP2537_PREALLOCATE_FOR_ERROR_BYTES];

@ -73,11 +75,9 @@ public abstract class AbstractBLS12PrecompiledContract implements PrecompiledCon
    if (errorNo == 0) {
      return Bytes.wrap(result, 0, o_len.getValue());
    } else {
+      final String errorMessage = new String(error, 0, err_len.getValue(), UTF_8);
      messageFrame.setRevertReason(Bytes.wrap(error, 0, err_len.getValue()));
-      LOG.trace(
-          "Error executing precompiled contract {}: '{}'",
-          name,
-          new String(error, 0, err_len.getValue(), UTF_8));
+      LOG.trace("Error executing precompiled contract {}: '{}'", name, errorMessage);
      return null;
    }
  }
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract.java
@ -14,28 +14,25 @@
 */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.precompiles;

-import static org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.altbn128.LibAltbn128.altbn128_add_precompiled;
-
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.AltBn128Point;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.Fq;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Gas;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.AbstractPrecompiledContract;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.GasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.MessageFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.bls12_381.LibEthPairings;

 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.Arrays;

-import com.sun.jna.ptr.IntByReference;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.MutableBytes;

-public class AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract {
+public class AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract extends AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract {

  private final Gas gasCost;

  private AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract(final GasCalculator gasCalculator, final Gas gasCost) {
-    super("AltBN128Add", gasCalculator);
+    super("AltBN128Add", gasCalculator, LibEthPairings.EIP196_ADD_OPERATION_RAW_VALUE);
    this.gasCost = gasCost;
  }

@ -54,8 +51,8 @@ public class AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract

  @Override
  public Bytes compute(final Bytes input, final MessageFrame messageFrame) {
-    if (AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract.useNative) {
-      return computeNative(input);
+    if (useNative) {
+      return computeNative(input, messageFrame);
    } else {
      return computeDefault(input);
    }
@ -82,16 +79,6 @@ public class AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract
    return result;
  }

-  private static Bytes computeNative(final Bytes input) {
-    final byte[] output = new byte[64];
-    final IntByReference outputSize = new IntByReference(64);
-    if (altbn128_add_precompiled(input.toArrayUnsafe(), input.size(), output, outputSize) == 0) {
-      return Bytes.wrap(output, 0, outputSize.getValue());
-    } else {
-      return null;
-    }
-  }
-
  private static BigInteger extractParameter(
      final Bytes input, final int offset, final int length) {
    if (offset > input.size() || length == 0) {
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract.java
@ -14,23 +14,20 @@
 */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.precompiles;

-import static org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.altbn128.LibAltbn128.altbn128_mul_precompiled;
-
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.AltBn128Point;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.Fq;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Gas;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.AbstractPrecompiledContract;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.GasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.MessageFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.bls12_381.LibEthPairings;

 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.Arrays;

-import com.sun.jna.ptr.IntByReference;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.MutableBytes;

-public class AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract {
+public class AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract extends AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract {

  private static final BigInteger MAX_N =
      new BigInteger(
@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ public class AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract
  private final Gas gasCost;

  private AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract(final GasCalculator gasCalculator, final Gas gasCost) {
-    super("AltBN128Mul", gasCalculator);
+    super("AltBN128Mul", gasCalculator, LibEthPairings.EIP196_MUL_OPERATION_RAW_VALUE);
    this.gasCost = gasCost;
  }

@ -58,8 +55,8 @@ public class AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract

  @Override
  public Bytes compute(final Bytes input, final MessageFrame messageFrame) {
-    if (AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract.useNative) {
-      return computeNative(input);
+    if (useNative) {
+      return computeNative(input, messageFrame);
    } else {
      return computeDefault(input);
    }
@ -85,16 +82,6 @@ public class AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract
    return result;
  }

-  private static Bytes computeNative(final Bytes input) {
-    final byte[] output = new byte[64];
-    final IntByReference outputSize = new IntByReference(64);
-    if (altbn128_mul_precompiled(input.toArrayUnsafe(), input.size(), output, outputSize) == 0) {
-      return Bytes.wrap(output, 0, outputSize.getValue());
-    } else {
-      return null;
-    }
-  }
-
  private static BigInteger extractParameter(
      final Bytes input, final int offset, final int length) {
    if (offset > input.size() || length == 0) {
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract.java
@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.precompiles;

-import static org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.altbn128.LibAltbn128.altbn128_pairing_precompiled;
-
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.AltBn128Fq12Pairer;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.AltBn128Fq2Point;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.AltBn128Point;
@ -23,31 +21,18 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.Fq;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.Fq12;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.altbn128.Fq2;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Gas;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.AbstractPrecompiledContract;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.GasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.MessageFrame;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.altbn128.LibAltbn128;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.nativelib.bls12_381.LibEthPairings;

 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;

-import com.sun.jna.ptr.IntByReference;
-import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
-import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;

-public class AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContract {
-
-  static boolean useNative = true;
-
-  private static final Logger LOG = LogManager.getLogger();
-
-  public static void enableNative() {
-    useNative = LibAltbn128.ENABLED;
-    LOG.info(useNative ? "Using native alt bn128" : "Native alt bn128 requested but not available");
-  }
+public class AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract extends AbstractAltBnPrecompiledContract {

  private static final int FIELD_LENGTH = 32;
  private static final int PARAMETER_LENGTH = 192;
@ -62,7 +47,7 @@ public class AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContr

  private AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract(
      final GasCalculator gasCalculator, final Gas pairingGasCost, final Gas baseGasCost) {
-    super("AltBN128Pairing", gasCalculator);
+    super("AltBN128Pairing", gasCalculator, LibEthPairings.EIP196_PAIR_OPERATION_RAW_VALUE);
    this.pairingGasCost = pairingGasCost;
    this.baseGasCost = baseGasCost;
  }
@ -89,8 +74,8 @@ public class AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContr
    if (input.size() % PARAMETER_LENGTH != 0) {
      return null;
    }
-    if (AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract.useNative) {
-      return computeNative(input);
+    if (useNative) {
+      return computeNative(input, messageFrame);
    } else {
      return computeDefault(input);
    }
@ -134,17 +119,6 @@ public class AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract extends AbstractPrecompiledContr
    }
  }

-  private static Bytes computeNative(final Bytes input) {
-    final byte[] output = new byte[32];
-    final IntByReference outputSize = new IntByReference(32);
-    if (altbn128_pairing_precompiled(input.toArrayUnsafe(), input.size(), output, outputSize)
-        == 0) {
-      return Bytes.wrap(output, 0, outputSize.getValue());
-    } else {
-      return null;
-    }
-  }
-
  private static BigInteger extractParameter(
      final Bytes input, final int offset, final int length) {
    if (offset > input.size() || length == 0) {
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/Benchmarks.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/precompiles/Benchmarks.java
@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright ConsenSys AG.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
+ * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.precompiles;
+
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+import static org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.Hash.keccak256;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.Hash;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SECP256K1;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.chain.Blockchain;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Address;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Gas;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.ProcessableBlockHeader;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Wei;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.WorldUpdater;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.BerlinGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.IstanbulGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.PrecompiledContract;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.BlockHashLookup;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.Code;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm.MessageFrame;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
+import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes32;
+
+public class Benchmarks {
+
+  static final Random random = new Random();
+
+  static final long GAS_PER_SECOND_STANDARD = 35_000_000L;
+
+  static final int HASH_WARMUP = 1_000_000;
+  static final int HASH_ITERATIONS = 10_000;
+
+  static final int MATH_WARMUP = 10_000;
+  static final int MATH_ITERATIONS = 1_000;
+  static final MessageFrame fakeFrame =
+      MessageFrame.builder()
+          .type(MessageFrame.Type.CONTRACT_CREATION)
+          .contract(Address.ZERO)
+          .inputData(Bytes.EMPTY)
+          .sender(Address.ZERO)
+          .value(Wei.ZERO)
+          .apparentValue(Wei.ZERO)
+          .code(new Code(Bytes.EMPTY))
+          .depth(1)
+          .completer(__ -> {})
+          .contractAccountVersion(0)
+          .address(Address.ZERO)
+          .blockHashLookup(mock(BlockHashLookup.class))
+          .blockHeader(mock(ProcessableBlockHeader.class))
+          .blockchain(mock(Blockchain.class))
+          .gasPrice(Wei.ZERO)
+          .messageFrameStack(new ArrayDeque<>())
+          .miningBeneficiary(Address.ZERO)
+          .originator(Address.ZERO)
+          .initialGas(Gas.of(100000))
+          .worldState(mock(WorldUpdater.class))
+          .build();
+
+  public static void benchSecp256k1Recover() {
+    final SECP256K1.PrivateKey privateKey =
+        SECP256K1.PrivateKey.create(
+            new BigInteger("c85ef7d79691fe79573b1a7064c19c1a9819ebdbd1faaab1a8ec92344438aaf4", 16));
+    final SECP256K1.KeyPair keyPair = SECP256K1.KeyPair.create(privateKey);
+
+    final Bytes data = Bytes.wrap("This is an example of a signed message.".getBytes(UTF_8));
+    final Bytes32 dataHash = keccak256(data);
+    final SECP256K1.Signature signature = SECP256K1.sign(dataHash, keyPair);
+    for (int i = 0; i < MATH_WARMUP; i++) {
+      SECP256K1.PublicKey.recoverFromSignature(dataHash, signature);
+    }
+    final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+    for (int i = 0; i < MATH_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+      SECP256K1.PublicKey.recoverFromSignature(dataHash, signature);
+    }
+    timer.stop();
+
+    final double elapsed = timer.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) / 1.0e9D;
+    final double perCall = elapsed / MATH_ITERATIONS;
+    final double gasSpent = perCall * GAS_PER_SECOND_STANDARD;
+
+    System.out.printf("secp256k1 signature recovery for %,d gas.%n", (int) gasSpent);
+  }
+
+  public static void benchSha256() {
+    final SHA256PrecompiledContract contract =
+        new SHA256PrecompiledContract(new IstanbulGasCalculator());
+    final byte[] warmupData = new byte[240];
+    final Bytes warmupBytes = Bytes.wrap(warmupData);
+    for (int i = 0; i < HASH_WARMUP; i++) {
+      contract.compute(warmupBytes, fakeFrame);
+    }
+    for (int len = 0; len <= 256; len += 8) {
+      final byte[] data = new byte[len];
+      random.nextBytes(data);
+      final Bytes bytes = Bytes.wrap(data);
+      final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+      for (int i = 0; i < HASH_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+        contract.compute(bytes, fakeFrame);
+      }
+      timer.stop();
+
+      final double elapsed = timer.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) / 1.0e9D;
+      final double perCall = elapsed / HASH_ITERATIONS;
+      final double gasSpent = perCall * GAS_PER_SECOND_STANDARD;
+
+      System.out.printf(
+          "sha256 %,d bytes for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+          len, (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(bytes).asUInt256().toLong());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void benchKeccak256() {
+    final byte[] warmupData = new byte[240];
+    final Bytes warmupBytes = Bytes.wrap(warmupData);
+    for (int i = 0; i < HASH_WARMUP; i++) {
+      Hash.keccak256(warmupBytes);
+    }
+    for (int len = 0; len <= 512; len += 8) {
+      final byte[] data = new byte[len];
+      random.nextBytes(data);
+      final Bytes bytes = Bytes.wrap(data);
+      final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+      for (int i = 0; i < HASH_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+        Hash.keccak256(bytes);
+      }
+      timer.stop();
+
+      final double elapsed = timer.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) / 1.0e9D;
+      final double perCall = elapsed / HASH_ITERATIONS;
+      final double gasSpent = perCall * GAS_PER_SECOND_STANDARD;
+
+      System.out.printf("keccak256 %,d bytes for %,d gas.%n", len, (int) gasSpent);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void benchRipeMD() {
+    final RIPEMD160PrecompiledContract contract =
+        new RIPEMD160PrecompiledContract(new IstanbulGasCalculator());
+    final byte[] warmupData = new byte[240];
+    final Bytes warmupBytes = Bytes.wrap(warmupData);
+    for (int i = 0; i < HASH_WARMUP; i++) {
+      contract.compute(warmupBytes, fakeFrame);
+    }
+    for (int len = 0; len <= 256; len += 8) {
+      final byte[] data = new byte[len];
+      random.nextBytes(data);
+      final Bytes bytes = Bytes.wrap(data);
+      final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+      for (int i = 0; i < HASH_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+        contract.compute(bytes, fakeFrame);
+      }
+      timer.stop();
+
+      final double elapsed = timer.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) / 1.0e9D;
+      final double perCall = elapsed / HASH_ITERATIONS;
+      final double gasSpent = perCall * GAS_PER_SECOND_STANDARD;
+
+      System.out.printf(
+          "ripemd %,d bytes for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+          len, (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(bytes).asUInt256().toLong());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void benchModExp() {
+    final Map<String, Bytes> testcases =
+        new ImmutableMap.Builder<String, Bytes>()
+            .put(
+                "eip_example1",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
+                        + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"
+                        + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"
+                        + "03"
+                        + "fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2e"
+                        + "fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f"))
+            .put(
+                "eip_example2",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                        + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"
+                        + "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020"
+                        + "fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2e"
+                        + "fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffefffffc2f"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-1-square",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb502fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-1-qube",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb503fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-1-pow0x10001",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000004000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040e09ad9675465c53a109fac66a445c91b292d2bb2c5268addb30cd82f80fcb0033ff97c80a5fc6f39193ae969c6ede6710a6b7ac27078a06d90ef1c72e5c85fb5010001fc9e1f6beb81516545975218075ec2af118cd8798df6e08a147c60fd6095ac2bb02c2908cf4dd7c81f11c289e4bce98f3553768f392a80ce22bf5c4f4a248c6b"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-2-square",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-2-qube",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-2-pow0x10001",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-3-square",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-3-qube",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100c9130579f243e12451760976261416413742bd7c91d39ae087f46794062b8c239f2a74abf3918605a0e046a7890e049475ba7fbb78f5de6490bd22a710cc04d30088179a919d86c2da62cf37f59d8f258d2310d94c24891be2d7eeafaa32a8cb4b0cfe5f475ed778f45907dc8916a73f03635f233f7a77a00a3ec9ca6761a5bbd558a2318ecd0caa1c5016691523e7e1fa267dd35e70c66e84380bdcf7c0582f540174e572c41f81e93da0b757dff0b0fe23eb03aa19af0bdec3afb474216febaacb8d0381e631802683182b0fe72c28392539850650b70509f54980241dc175191a35d967288b532a7a8223ce2440d010615f70df269501944d4ec16fe4a3cb03d7a85909174757835187cb52e71934e6c07ef43b4c46fc30bbcd0bc72913068267c54a4aabebb493922492820babdeb7dc9b1558fcf7bd82c37c82d3147e455b623ab0efa752fe0b3a67ca6e4d126639e645a0bf417568adbb2a6a4eef62fa1fa29b2a5a43bebea1f82193a7dd98eb483d09bb595af1fa9c97c7f41f5649d976aee3e5e59e2329b43b13bea228d4a93f16ba139ccb511de521ffe747aa2eca664f7c9e33da59075cc335afcd2bf3ae09765f01ab5a7c3e3938ec168b74724b5074247d200d9970382f683d6059b94dbc336603d1dfee714e4b447ac2fa1d99ecb4961da2854e03795ed758220312d101e1e3d87d5313a6d052aebde75110363d"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-3-pow0x10001",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-4-square",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-4-qube",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-4-pow0x10001",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-5-square",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000040000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400c5a1611f8be90071a43db23cc2fe01871cc4c0e8ab5743f6378e4fef77f7f6db0095c0727e20225beb665645403453e325ad5f9aeb9ba99bf3c148f63f9c07cf4fe8847ad5242d6b7d4499f93bd47056ddab8f7dee878fc2314f344dbee2a7c41a5d3db91eff372c730c2fdd3a141a4b61999e36d549b9870cf2f4e632c4d5df5f024f81c028000073a0ed8847cfb0593d36a47142f578f05ccbe28c0c06aeb1b1da027794c48db880278f79ba78ae64eedfea3c07d10e0562668d839749dc95f40467d15cf65b9cfc52c7c4bcef1cda3596dd52631aac942f146c7cebd46065131699ce8385b0db1874336747ee020a5698a3d1a1082665721e769567f579830f9d259cec1a836845109c21cf6b25da572512bf3c42fd4b96e43895589042ab60dd41f497db96aec102087fe784165bb45f942859268fd2ff6c012d9d00c02ba83eace047cc5f7b2c392c2955c58a49f0338d6fc58749c9db2155522ac17914ec216ad87f12e0ee95574613942fa615898c4d9e8a3be68cd6afa4e7a003dedbdf8edfee31162b174f965b20ae752ad89c967b3068b6f722c16b354456ba8e280f987c08e0a52d40a2e8f3a59b94d590aeef01879eb7a90b3ee7d772c839c85519cbeaddc0c193ec4874a463b53fcaea3271d80ebfb39b33489365fc039ae549a17a9ff898eea2f4cb27b8dbee4c17b998438575b2b8d107e4a0d66ba7fca85b41a58a8d51f191a35c856dfbe8aef2b00048a694bbccff832d23c8ca7a7ff0b6c0b3011d00b97c86c0628444d267c951d9e4fb8f83e154b8f74fb51aa16535e498235c5597dac9606ed0be3173a3836baa4e7d756ffe1e2879b415d3846bccd538c05b847785699aefde3e305decb600cd8fb0e7d8de5efc26971a6ad4e6d7a2d91474f1023a0ac4b78dc937da0ce607a45974d2cac1c33a2631ff7fe6144a3b2e5cf98b531a9627dea92c1dc82204d09db0439b6a11dd64b484e1263aa45fd9539b6020b55e3baece3986a8bffc1003406348f5c61265099ed43a766ee4f93f5f9c5abbc32a0fd3ac2b35b87f9ec26037d88275bd7dd0a54474995ee34ed3727f3f97c48db544b1980193a4b76a8a3ddab3591ce527f16d91882e67f0103b5cda53f7da54d489fc4ac08b6ab358a5a04aa9daa16219d50bd672a7cb804ed769d218807544e5993f1c27427104b349906a0b654df0bf69328afd3013fbe430155339c39f236df5557bf92f1ded7ff609a8502f49064ec3d1dbfb6c15d3a4c11a4f8acd12278cbf68acd5709463d12e3338a6eddb8c112f199645e23154a8e60879d2a654e3ed9296aa28f134168619691cd2c6b9e2eba4438381676173fc63c2588a3c5910dc149cf3760f0aa9fa9c3f5faa9162b0bf1aac9dd32b706a60ef53cbdb394b6b40222b5bc80eea82ba8958386672564cae3794f977871ab62337cf02e30049201ec12937e7ce79d0f55d9c810e20acf52212aca1d3888949e0e4830aad88d804161230eb89d4d329cc83570fe257217d2119134048dd2ed167646975fc7d77136919a049ea74cf08ddd2b896890bb24a0ba18094a22baa351bf29ad96c66bbb1a598f2ca391749620e62d61c3561a7d3653ccc8892c7b99baaf76bf836e2991cb06d6bc0514568ff0d1ec8bb4b3d6984f5eaefb17d3ea2893722375d3ddb8e389a8eef7d7d198f8e687d6a513983df906099f9a2d23f4f9dec6f8ef2f11fc0a21fac45353b94e00486f5e17d386af42502d09db33cf0cf28310e049c07e88682aeeb00cb833c5174266e62407a57583f1f88b304b7c6e0c84bbe1c0fd423072d37a5bd0aacf764229e5c7cd02473460ba3645cd8e8ae144065bf02d0dd238593d8e230354f67e0b2f23012c23274f80e3ee31e35e2606a4a3f31d94ab755e6d163cff52cbb36b6d0cc67ffc512aeed1dce4d7a0d70ce82f2baba12e8d514dc92a056f994adfb17b5b9712bd5186f27a2fda1f7039c5df2c8587fdc62f5627580c13234b55be4df3056050e2d1ef3218f0dd66cb05265fe1acfb0989d8213f2c19d1735a7cf3fa65d88dad5af52dc2bba22b7abf46c3bc77b5091baab9e8f0ddc4d5e581037de91a9f8dcbc69309be29cc815cf19a20a7585b8b3073edf51fc9baeb3e509b97fa4ecfd621e0fd57bd61cac1b895c03248ff12bdbc57509250df3517e8a3fe1d776836b34ab352b973d932ef708b14f7418f9eceb1d87667e61e3e758649cb083f01b133d37ab2f5afa96d6c84bcacf4efc3851ad308c1e7d9113624fce29fab460ab9d2a48d92cdb281103a5250ad44cb2ff6e67ac670c02fdafb3e0f1353953d6d7d5646ca1568dea55275a050ec501b7c6250444f7219f1ba7521ba3b93d089727ca5f3bbe0d6c1300b423377004954c5628fdb65770b18ced5c9b23a4a5a6d6ef25fe01b4ce278de0bcc4ed86e28a0a68818ffa40970128cf2c38740e80037984428c1bd5113f40ff47512ee6f4e4d8f9b8e8e1b3040d2928d003bd1c1329dc885302fbce9fa81c23b4dc49c7c82d29b52957847898676c89aa5d32b5b0e1c0d5a2b79a19d67562f407f19425687971a957375879d90c5f57c857136c17106c9ab1b99d80e69c8c954ed386493368884b55c939b8d64d26f643e800c56f90c01079d7c534e3b2b7ae352cefd3016da55f6a85eb803b85e2304915fd2001f77c74e28746293c46e4f5f0fd49cf988aafd0026b8e7a3bab2da5cdce1ea26c2e29ec03f4807fac432662b2d6c060be1c7be0e5489de69d0a6e03a4b9117f9244b34a0f1ecba89884f781c6320412413a00c4980287409a2a78c2cd7e65cecebbe4ec1c28cac4dd95f6998e78fc6f1392384331c9436aa10e10e2bf8ad2c4eafbcf276aa7bae64b74428911b3269c749338b0fc5075ad"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-5-qube",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .put(
+                "nagydani-5-pow0x10001",
+                Bytes.fromHexString(
+                    "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"))
+            .build();
+    final BigIntegerModularExponentiationPrecompiledContract contract =
+        new BigIntegerModularExponentiationPrecompiledContract(new BerlinGasCalculator());
+
+    for (final Map.Entry<String, Bytes> testCase : testcases.entrySet()) {
+      final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(testCase.getValue(), contract);
+
+      System.out.printf(
+          "ModEXP %s for \t%,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+          testCase.getKey(),
+          (int) gasSpent,
+          contract.gasRequirement(testCase.getValue()).asUInt256().toLong());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBNADD() {
+    final Bytes g1Point0 =
+        Bytes.concatenate(
+            Bytes.fromHexString(
+                "0x17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa9"),
+            Bytes.fromHexString(
+                "0x01e0559bacb160664764a357af8a9fe70baa9258e0b959273ffc5718c6d4cc7c"));
+
+    final Bytes g1Point1 =
+        Bytes.concatenate(
+            Bytes.fromHexString(
+                "0x17c139df0efee0f766bc0204762b774362e4ded88953a39ce849a8a7fa163fa9"),
+            Bytes.fromHexString(
+                "0x2e83f8d734803fc370eba25ed1f6b8768bd6d83887b87165fc2434fe11a830cb"));
+    final Bytes arg = Bytes.concatenate(g1Point0, g1Point1);
+
+    final AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract contract =
+        AltBN128AddPrecompiledContract.istanbul(new IstanbulGasCalculator());
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "BNADD for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBNMUL() {
+    final Bytes g1Point1 =
+        Bytes.concatenate(
+            Bytes.fromHexString(
+                "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"),
+            Bytes.fromHexString(
+                "0x30644e72e131a029b85045b68181585d97816a916871ca8d3c208c16d87cfd45"));
+    final Bytes scalar =
+        Bytes.fromHexString("ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff");
+    final Bytes arg = Bytes.concatenate(g1Point1, scalar);
+
+    final AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract contract =
+        AltBN128MulPrecompiledContract.istanbul(new IstanbulGasCalculator());
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "BNMUL for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBNPairing() {
+    final Bytes[] args = {
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "0x0fc6ebd1758207e311a99674dc77d28128643c057fb9ca2c92b4205b6bf57ed2"
+              + "1e50042f97b7a1f2768fa15f6683eca9ee7fa8ee655d94246ab85fb1da3f0b90"
+              + "198e9393920d483a7260bfb731fb5d25f1aa493335a9e71297e485b7aef312c2"
+              + "1800deef121f1e76426a00665e5c4479674322d4f75edadd46debd5cd992f6ed"
+              + "090689d0585ff075ec9e99ad690c3395bc4b313370b38ef355acdadcd122975b"
+              + "12c85ea5db8c6deb4aab71808dcb408fe3d1e7690c43d37b4ce6cc0166fa7daa"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "0x2b101be01b2f064cba109e065dc0b5e5bf6b64ed4054b82af3a7e6e34c1e2005"
+              + "1a4d9ceecf9115a98efd147c4abb2684102d3e925938989153b9ff330523cdb4"
+              + "08d554bf59102bbb961ba81107ec71785ef9ce6638e5332b6c1a58b87447d181"
+              + "01cf7cc93bfbf7b2c5f04a3bc9cb8b72bbcf2defcabdceb09860c493bdf1588d"
+              + "02cb2a424885c9e412b94c40905b359e3043275cd29f5b557f008cd0a3e0c0dc"
+              + "204e5d81d86c561f9344ad5f122a625f259996b065b80cbbe74a9ad97b6d7cc2"
+              + "07402fdc3bc28a434909f24695adea3e9418d9857efc8c71f67a470a17f3cf12"
+              + "255dbc3a8b5c2c1a7a3f8c59e2f5b6e04bc4d7b7bb82fcbe18b2294305c8473b"
+              + "19156e854972d656d1020003e5781972d84081309cdf71baacf6c6e29272f5ff"
+              + "2acded377df8902b7a75de6c0f53c161f3a2ff3f374470b78d5b3c4d826d84d5"
+              + "1731ef3b84913296c30a649461b2ca35e3fcc2e3031ea2386d32f885ff096559"
+              + "0919e7685f6ea605db14f311dede6e83f21937f05cfc53ac1dbe45891c47bf2a"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "0x1a3fabea802788c8aa88741c6a68f271b221eb75838bb1079381f3f1ae414f40"
+              + "126308d6cdb6b7efceb1ec0016b99cf7a1e5780f5a9a775d43bc7f2b6fd510e2"
+              + "11b35cf2c85531eab64b96eb2eef487e0eb60fb9207fe4763e7f6e02dcead646"
+              + "2cbea52f3417b398aed9e355ed16934a81b72d2646e3bf90dbc2dcba294b631d"
+              + "2c6518cd26310e541a799357d1ae8bc477b162f2040407b965ecd777e26d31f7"
+              + "125170b5860fb8f8da2c43e00ea4a83bcc1a974e47e59fcd657851d2b0dd1655"
+              + "130a2183533392b5fd031857eb4c199a19382f39fcb666d6133b3a6e5784d6a5"
+              + "2cca76f2bc625d2e61a41b5f382eadf1df1756dd392f639c3d9f3513099e63f9"
+              + "07ecba8131b3fb354272c86d01577e228c5bd5fb6404bbaf106d7f4858dc2996"
+              + "1c5d49a9ae291a2a2213da57a76653391fa1fc0fa7c534afa124ad71b7fdd719"
+              + "10f1a73f94a8f077f478d069d7cf1c49444f64cd20ed75d4f6de3d8986147cf8"
+              + "0d5816f2f116c5cc0be7dfc4c0b4c592204864acb70ad5f789013389a0092ce4"
+              + "2650b89e5540eea1375b27dfd9081a0622e03352e5c6a7593df72e2113328e64"
+              + "21991b3e5100845cd9b8f0fa16c7fe5f40152e702e61f4cdf0d98e7f213b1a47"
+              + "10520008be7609bdb92145596ac6bf37da0269f7460e04e8e4701c3afbae0e52"
+              + "0664e736b2af7bf9125f69fe5c3706cd893cd769b1dae8a6e3d639e2d76e66e2"
+              + "1cacce8776f5ada6b35036f9343faab26c91b9aea83d3cb59cf5628ffe18ab1b"
+              + "03b48ca7e6d84fca619aaf81745fbf9c30e5a78ed4766cc62b0f12aea5044f56")
+    };
+    final AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract contract =
+        AltBN128PairingPrecompiledContract.istanbul(new IstanbulGasCalculator());
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+      final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(args[i], contract);
+
+      System.out.printf(
+          "BNPairings %d pairs for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+          i * 2 + 2, (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(args[i]).asUInt256().toLong());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void benchBLS12G1Add() {
+    final Bytes arg =
+        Bytes.fromHexString(
+            "0000000000000000000000000000000012196c5a43d69224d8713389285f26b98f86ee910ab3dd668e413738282003cc5b7357af9a7af54bb713d62255e80f56"
+                + "0000000000000000000000000000000006ba8102bfbeea4416b710c73e8cce3032c31c6269c44906f8ac4f7874ce99fb17559992486528963884ce429a992fee"
+                + "000000000000000000000000000000000001101098f5c39893765766af4512a0c74e1bb89bc7e6fdf14e3e7337d257cc0f94658179d83320b99f31ff94cd2bac"
+                + "0000000000000000000000000000000003e1a9f9f44ca2cdab4f43a1a3ee3470fdf90b2fc228eb3b709fcd72f014838ac82a6d797aeefed9a0804b22ed1ce8f7");
+
+    final BLS12G1AddPrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12G1AddPrecompiledContract();
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "G1ADD for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBLS12G1Mul() {
+    final Bytes arg =
+        Bytes.fromHexString(
+            "0000000000000000000000000000000017f1d3a73197d7942695638c4fa9ac0fc3688c4f9774b905a14e3a3f171bac586c55e83ff97a1aeffb3af00adb22c6bb"
+                + "0000000000000000000000000000000008b3f481e3aaa0f1a09e30ed741d8ae4fcf5e095d5d00af600db18cb2c04b3edd03cc744a2888ae40caa232946c5e7e1"
+                + "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff");
+
+    final BLS12G1MulPrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12G1MulPrecompiledContract();
+    contract.compute(arg, fakeFrame);
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "G1MUL for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBLS12G1MultiExp() {
+    final Bytes[] args = {
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "0000000000000000000000000000000012196c5a43d69224d8713389285f26b98f86ee910ab3dd668e413738282003cc5b7357af9a7af54bb713d62255e80f560000000000000000000000000000000006ba8102bfbeea4416b710c73e8cce3032c31c6269c44906f8ac4f7874ce99fb17559992486528963884ce429a992fee"
+              + "b3c940fe79b6966489b527955de7599194a9ac69a6ff58b8d99e7b1084f0464e"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "00000000000000000000000000000000117dbe419018f67844f6a5e1b78a1e597283ad7b8ee7ac5e58846f5a5fd68d0da99ce235a91db3ec1cf340fe6b7afcdb0000000000000000000000000000000013316f23de032d25e912ae8dc9b54c8dba1be7cecdbb9d2228d7e8f652011d46be79089dd0a6080a73c82256ce5e4ed2"
+              + "4d0e25bf3f6fc9f4da25d21fdc71773f1947b7a8a775b8177f7eca990b05b71d"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000008ab7b556c672db7883ec47efa6d98bb08cec7902ebb421aac1c31506b177ac444ffa2d9b400a6f1cbdc6240c607ee110000000000000000000000000000000016b7fa9adf4addc2192271ce7ad3c8d8f902d061c43b7d2e8e26922009b777855bffabe7ed1a09155819eabfa87f276f"
+              + "973f40c12c92b703d7b7848ef8b4466d40823aad3943a312b57432b91ff68be1"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "0000000000000000000000000000000015ff9a232d9b5a8020a85d5fe08a1dcfb73ece434258fe0e2fddf10ddef0906c42dcb5f5d62fc97f934ba900f17beb330000000000000000000000000000000009cfe4ee2241d9413c616462d7bac035a6766aeaab69c81e094d75b840df45d7e0dfac0265608b93efefb9a8728b98e4"
+              + "4c51f97bcdda93904ae26991b471e9ea942e2b5b8ed26055da11c58bc7b5002a"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000017a17b82e3bfadf3250210d8ef572c02c3610d65ab4d7366e0b748768a28ee6a1b51f77ed686a64f087f36f641e7dca900000000000000000000000000000000077ea73d233ccea51dc4d5acecf6d9332bf17ae51598f4b394a5f62fb387e9c9aa1d6823b64a074f5873422ca57545d3"
+              + "8964d5867927bc3e35a0b4c457482373969bff5edff8a781d65573e07fd87b89"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000c1243478f4fbdc21ea9b241655947a28accd058d0cdb4f9f0576d32f09dddaf0850464550ff07cab5927b3e4c863ce90000000000000000000000000000000015fb54db10ffac0b6cd374eb7168a8cb3df0a7d5f872d8e98c1f623deb66df5dd08ff4c3658f2905ec8bd02598bd4f90"
+              + "787c38b944eadbd03fd3187f450571740f6cd00e5b2e560165846eb800e5c944"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "000000000000000000000000000000000328f09584b6d6c98a709fc22e184123994613aca95a28ac53df8523b92273eb6f4e2d9b2a7dcebb474604d54a210719000000000000000000000000000000001220ebde579911fe2e707446aaad8d3789fae96ae2e23670a4fd856ed82daaab704779eb4224027c1ed9460f39951a1b"
+              + "aaee7ae2a237e8e53560c79e7baa9adf9c00a0ea4d6f514e7a6832eb15cef1e1"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000002ebfa98aa92c32a29ebe17fcb1819ba82e686abd9371fcee8ea793b4c72b6464085044f818f1f5902396df0122830cb00000000000000000000000000000000001184715b8432ed190b459113977289a890f68f6085ea111466af15103c9c02467da33e01d6bff87fd57db6ccba442a"
+              + "dac6ed3ef45c1d7d3028f0f89e5458797996d3294b95bebe049b76c7d0db317c"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000009d6424e002439998e91cd509f85751ad25e574830c564e7568347d19e3f38add0cab067c0b4b0801785a78bcbeaf246000000000000000000000000000000000ef6d7db03ee654503b46ff0dbc3297536a422e963bda9871a8da8f4eeb98dedebd6071c4880b4636198f4c2375dc795"
+              + "bb30985756c3ca075114c92f231575d6befafe4084517f1166a47376867bd108"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000002d1cdb93191d1f9f0308c2c55d0208a071f5520faca7c52ab0311dbc9ba563bd33b5dd6baa77bf45ac2c3269e945f4800000000000000000000000000000000072a52106e6d7b92c594c4dacd20ef5fab7141e45c231457cd7e71463b2254ee6e72689e516fa6a8f29f2a173ce0a190"
+              + "fb730105809f64ea522983d6bbb62f7e2e8cbf702685e9be10e2ef71f8187672"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "0000000000000000000000000000000000641642f6801d39a09a536f506056f72a619c50d043673d6d39aa4af11d8e3ded38b9c3bbc970dbc1bd55d68f94b50d0000000000000000000000000000000009ab050de356a24aea90007c6b319614ba2f2ed67223b972767117769e3c8e31ee4056494628fb2892d3d37afb6ac943"
+              + "b6a9408625b0ca8fcbfb21d34eec2d8e24e9a30d2d3b32d7a37d110b13afbfea"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000fd4893addbd58fb1bf30b8e62bef068da386edbab9541d198e8719b2de5beb9223d87387af82e8b55bd521ff3e47e2d000000000000000000000000000000000f3a923b76473d5b5a53501790cb02597bb778bdacb3805a9002b152d22241ad131d0f0d6a260739cbab2c2fe602870e"
+              + "3b77283d0a7bb9e17a27e66851792fdd605cc0a339028b8985390fd024374c76"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000002cb4b24c8aa799fd7cb1e4ab1aab1372113200343d8526ea7bc64dfaf926baf5d90756a40e35617854a2079cd07fba40000000000000000000000000000000003327ca22bd64ebd673cc6d5b02b2a8804d5353c9d251637c4273ad08d581cc0d58da9bea27c37a0b3f4961dbafd276b"
+              + "dd994eae929aee7428fdda2e44f8cb12b10b91c83b22abc8bbb561310b62257c"
+              + "00000000000000000000000000000000024ad70f2b2105ca37112858e84c6f5e3ffd4a8b064522faae1ecba38fabd52a6274cb46b00075deb87472f11f2e67d90000000000000000000000000000000010a502c8b2a68aa30d2cb719273550b9a3c283c35b2e18a01b0b765344ffaaa5cb30a1e3e6ecd3a53ab67658a5787681"
+              + "7010b134989c8368c7f831f9dd9f9a890e2c1435681107414f2e8637153bbf6a"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000000704cc57c8e0944326ddc7c747d9e7347a7f6918977132eea269f161461eb64066f773352f293a3ac458dc3ccd5026a000000000000000000000000000000001099d3c2bb2d082f2fdcbed013f7ac69e8624f4fcf6dfab3ee9dcf7fbbdb8c49ee79de40e887c0b6828d2496e3a6f768"
+              + "94c68bc8d91ac8c489ee87dbfc4b94c93c8bbd5fc04c27db8b02303f3a659054")
+    };
+
+    final BLS12G1MultiExpPrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12G1MultiExpPrecompiledContract();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+      final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(args[i], contract);
+
+      System.out.printf(
+          "G1MULTIEXP %d for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+          i + 1, (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(args[i]).asUInt256().toLong());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void benchBLS12G2Add() {
+    final Bytes arg =
+        Bytes.fromHexString(
+            "0000000000000000000000000000000018c0ada6351b70661f053365deae56910798bd2ace6e2bf6ba4192d1a229967f6af6ca1c9a8a11ebc0a232344ee0f6d6000000000000000000000000000000000cc70a587f4652039d8117b6103858adcd9728f6aebe230578389a62da0042b7623b1c0436734f463cfdd187d2090324"
+                + "0000000000000000000000000000000009f50bd7beedb23328818f9ffdafdb6da6a4dd80c5a9048ab8b154df3cad938ccede829f1156f769d9e149791e8e0cd900000000000000000000000000000000079ba50d2511631b20b6d6f3841e616e9d11b68ec3368cd60129d9d4787ab56c4e9145a38927e51c9cd6271d493d9388"
+                + "00000000000000000000000000000000192fa5d8732ff9f38e0b1cf12eadfd2608f0c7a39aced7746837833ae253bb57ef9c0d98a4b69eeb2950901917e99d1e0000000000000000000000000000000009aeb10c372b5ef1010675c6a4762fda33636489c23b581c75220589afbc0cc46249f921eea02dd1b761e036ffdbae22"
+                + "0000000000000000000000000000000002d225447600d49f932b9dd3ca1e6959697aa603e74d8666681a2dca8160c3857668ae074440366619eb8920256c4e4a00000000000000000000000000000000174882cdd3551e0ce6178861ff83e195fecbcffd53a67b6f10b4431e423e28a480327febe70276036f60bb9c99cf7633");
+
+    final BLS12G2AddPrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12G2AddPrecompiledContract();
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "G2ADD for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBLS12G2Mul() {
+    final Bytes arg =
+        Bytes.fromHexString(
+            "00000000000000000000000000000000024aa2b2f08f0a91260805272dc51051c6e47ad4fa403b02b4510b647ae3d1770bac0326a805bbefd48056c8c121bdb80000000000000000000000000000000013e02b6052719f607dacd3a088274f65596bd0d09920b61ab5da61bbdc7f5049334cf11213945d57e5ac7d055d042b7e"
+                + "000000000000000000000000000000000ce5d527727d6e118cc9cdc6da2e351aadfd9baa8cbdd3a76d429a695160d12c923ac9cc3baca289e193548608b82801000000000000000000000000000000000606c4a02ea734cc32acd2b02bc28b99cb3e287e85a763af267492ab572e99ab3f370d275cec1da1aaa9075ff05f79be"
+                + "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff");
+
+    final BLS12G2MulPrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12G2MulPrecompiledContract();
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "G2MUL for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBLS12G2MultiExp() {
+    final Bytes[] args = {
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "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"
+              + "b3c940fe79b6966489b527955de7599194a9ac69a6ff58b8d99e7b1084f0464e"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "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"
+              + "4d0e25bf3f6fc9f4da25d21fdc71773f1947b7a8a775b8177f7eca990b05b71d"
+              + "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"
+              + "973f40c12c92b703d7b7848ef8b4466d40823aad3943a312b57432b91ff68be1"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "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"
+              + "4c51f97bcdda93904ae26991b471e9ea942e2b5b8ed26055da11c58bc7b5002a"
+              + "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"
+              + "8964d5867927bc3e35a0b4c457482373969bff5edff8a781d65573e07fd87b89"
+              + "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"
+              + "787c38b944eadbd03fd3187f450571740f6cd00e5b2e560165846eb800e5c944"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "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"
+              + "aaee7ae2a237e8e53560c79e7baa9adf9c00a0ea4d6f514e7a6832eb15cef1e1"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000690a0869204c8dced5ba0ce13554b2703a3f18afb8fa8fa1c457d79c58fdc25471ae85bafad52e506fc1917fc3becff0000000000000000000000000000000010f7dbb16f8571ede1cec79e3f9ea03ae6468d7285984713f19607f5cab902b9a6b7cbcfd900be5c2e407cc093ea0e6700000000000000000000000000000000151caf87968433cb1f85fc1854c57049be22c26497a86bfbd66a2b3af121d894dba8004a17c6ff96a5843c2719fa32d10000000000000000000000000000000011f0270f2b039409f70392879bcc2c67c836c100cf9883d3dc48d7adbcd52037d270539e863a951acd47ecaa1ca4db12"
+              + "dac6ed3ef45c1d7d3028f0f89e5458797996d3294b95bebe049b76c7d0db317c"
+              + "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"
+              + "bb30985756c3ca075114c92f231575d6befafe4084517f1166a47376867bd108"
+              + "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"
+              + "fb730105809f64ea522983d6bbb62f7e2e8cbf702685e9be10e2ef71f8187672"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "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"
+              + "b6a9408625b0ca8fcbfb21d34eec2d8e24e9a30d2d3b32d7a37d110b13afbfea"
+              + "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"
+              + "3b77283d0a7bb9e17a27e66851792fdd605cc0a339028b8985390fd024374c76"
+              + "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"
+              + "dd994eae929aee7428fdda2e44f8cb12b10b91c83b22abc8bbb561310b62257c"
+              + "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"
+              + "7010b134989c8368c7f831f9dd9f9a890e2c1435681107414f2e8637153bbf6a"
+              + "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"
+              + "94c68bc8d91ac8c489ee87dbfc4b94c93c8bbd5fc04c27db8b02303f3a659054")
+    };
+
+    final BLS12G2MultiExpPrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12G2MultiExpPrecompiledContract();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+      final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(args[i], contract);
+
+      System.out.printf(
+          "G2MULTIEXP %d for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+          i + 1, (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(args[i]).asUInt256().toLong());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void benchBLS12Pair() {
+    final Bytes[] args = {
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "0000000000000000000000000000000012196c5a43d69224d8713389285f26b98f86ee910ab3dd668e413738282003cc5b7357af9a7af54bb713d62255e80f56"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000006ba8102bfbeea4416b710c73e8cce3032c31c6269c44906f8ac4f7874ce99fb17559992486528963884ce429a992fee0000000000000000000000000000000017c9fcf0504e62d3553b2f089b64574150aa5117bd3d2e89a8c1ed59bb7f70fb83215975ef31976e757abf60a75a1d9f"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000008f5a53d704298fe0cfc955e020442874fe87d5c729c7126abbdcbed355eef6c8f07277bee6d49d56c4ebaf334848624"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000001302dcc50c6ce4c28086f8e1b43f9f65543cf598be440123816765ab6bc93f62bceda80045fbcad8598d4f32d03ee8fa000000000000000000000000000000000bbb4eb37628d60b035a3e0c45c0ea8c4abef5a6ddc5625e0560097ef9caab208221062e81cd77ef72162923a1906a40"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "000000000000000000000000000000001830f52d9bff64a623c6f5259e2cd2c2a08ea17a8797aaf83174ea1e8c3bd3955c2af1d39bfa474815bfe60714b7cd80"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000874389c02d4cf1c61bc54c4c24def11dfbe7880bc998a95e70063009451ee8226fec4b278aade3a7cea55659459f1d500000000000000000000000000000000197737f831d4dc7e708475f4ca7ca15284db2f3751fcaac0c17f517f1ddab35e1a37907d7b99b39d6c8d9001cd50e79e"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000af1a3f6396f0c983e7c2d42d489a3ae5a3ff0a553d93154f73ac770cd0af7467aa0cef79f10bbd34621b3ec9583a834"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000001918cb6e448ed69fb906145de3f11455ee0359d030e90d673ce050a360d796de33ccd6a941c49a1414aca1c26f9e699e0000000000000000000000000000000019a915154a13249d784093facc44520e7f3a18410ab2a3093e0b12657788e9419eec25729944f7945e732104939e7a9e"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000001830f52d9bff64a623c6f5259e2cd2c2a08ea17a8797aaf83174ea1e8c3bd3955c2af1d39bfa474815bfe60714b7cd80"
+              + "00000000000000000000000000000000118cd94e36ab177de95f52f180fdbdc584b8d30436eb882980306fa0625f07a1f7ad3b4c38a921c53d14aa9a6ba5b8d600000000000000000000000000000000197737f831d4dc7e708475f4ca7ca15284db2f3751fcaac0c17f517f1ddab35e1a37907d7b99b39d6c8d9001cd50e79e"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000af1a3f6396f0c983e7c2d42d489a3ae5a3ff0a553d93154f73ac770cd0af7467aa0cef79f10bbd34621b3ec9583a834"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000001918cb6e448ed69fb906145de3f11455ee0359d030e90d673ce050a360d796de33ccd6a941c49a1414aca1c26f9e699e0000000000000000000000000000000019a915154a13249d784093facc44520e7f3a18410ab2a3093e0b12657788e9419eec25729944f7945e732104939e7a9e"),
+      Bytes.fromHexString(
+          "00000000000000000000000000000000189bf269a72de2872706983835afcbd09f6f4dfcabe0241b4e9fe1965a250d230d6f793ab17ce7cac456af7be4376be6"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000d4441801d287ba8de0e2fb6b77f766dbff07b4027098ce463cab80e01eb31d9f5dbd7ac935703d68c7032fa5128ff170000000000000000000000000000000011798ea9c137acf6ef9483b489c0273d4f69296959922a352b079857953263372b8d339115f0576cfabedc185abf2086"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000001498b1412f52b07a0e4f91cbf5e1852ea38fc111613523f1e61b97ebf1fd7fd2cdf36d7f73f1e33719c0b63d7bf66b8f"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000004c56d3ee9931f7582d7eebeb598d1be208e3b333ab976dc7bb271969fa1d6caf8f467eb7cbee4af5d30e5c66d00a4e2000000000000000000000000000000000de29857dae126c0acbe966da6f50342837ef5dd9994ad929d75814f6f33f77e5b33690945bf6e980031ddd90ebc76ce"
+              + "00000000000000000000000000000000189bf269a72de2872706983835afcbd09f6f4dfcabe0241b4e9fe1965a250d230d6f793ab17ce7cac456af7be4376be6"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000cbcd06a1c576af16d0d77ff8bcc3669a486d044cc7b85db03661a92f4c5c44a28d028521dfcfc292d8ecd05aed6ab940000000000000000000000000000000011798ea9c137acf6ef9483b489c0273d4f69296959922a352b079857953263372b8d339115f0576cfabedc185abf2086"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000001498b1412f52b07a0e4f91cbf5e1852ea38fc111613523f1e61b97ebf1fd7fd2cdf36d7f73f1e33719c0b63d7bf66b8f"
+              + "0000000000000000000000000000000004c56d3ee9931f7582d7eebeb598d1be208e3b333ab976dc7bb271969fa1d6caf8f467eb7cbee4af5d30e5c66d00a4e2000000000000000000000000000000000de29857dae126c0acbe966da6f50342837ef5dd9994ad929d75814f6f33f77e5b33690945bf6e980031ddd90ebc76ce"
+              + "00000000000000000000000000000000189bf269a72de2872706983835afcbd09f6f4dfcabe0241b4e9fe1965a250d230d6f793ab17ce7cac456af7be4376be6"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000000d4441801d287ba8de0e2fb6b77f766dbff07b4027098ce463cab80e01eb31d9f5dbd7ac935703d68c7032fa5128ff170000000000000000000000000000000011798ea9c137acf6ef9483b489c0273d4f69296959922a352b079857953263372b8d339115f0576cfabedc185abf2086"
+              + "000000000000000000000000000000001498b1412f52b07a0e4f91cbf5e1852ea38fc111613523f1e61b97ebf1fd7fd2cdf36d7f73f1e33719c0b63d7bf66b8f"
+              + "00000000000000000000000000000000153ba4ab4fecc724c843b8f78db2db1943e91051b8cb9be2eb7e610a570f1f5925b7981334951b505cce1a3992ff05c9000000000000000000000000000000000c1e79925e9ebfd99e5d11489c56a994e0f855a759f0652cc9bb5151877cfea5c37896f56b949167b9cd2226f14333dd"),
+    };
+    final BLS12PairingPrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12PairingPrecompiledContract();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+      final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(args[i], contract);
+
+      System.out.printf(
+          "BLS pairings %d pairs for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+          i * 2 + 2, (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(args[i]).asUInt256().toLong());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBLS12MapFPTOG1() {
+    final Bytes arg =
+        Bytes.fromHexString(
+            "0000000000000000000000000000000014406e5bfb9209256a3820879a29ac2f62d6aca82324bf3ae2aa7d3c54792043bd8c791fccdb080c1a52dc68b8b69350");
+
+    final BLS12MapFpToG1PrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12MapFpToG1PrecompiledContract();
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "MAPFPTOG1 for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static void benchBLS12MapFP2TOG2() {
+    final Bytes arg =
+        Bytes.fromHexString(
+            "0000000000000000000000000000000014406e5bfb9209256a3820879a29ac2f62d6aca82324bf3ae2aa7d3c54792043bd8c791fccdb080c1a52dc68b8b69350000000000000000000000000000000000e885bb33996e12f07da69073e2c0cc880bc8eff26d2a724299eb12d54f4bcf26f4748bb020e80a7e3794a7b0e47a641");
+
+    final BLS12MapFp2ToG2PrecompiledContract contract = new BLS12MapFp2ToG2PrecompiledContract();
+
+    final double gasSpent = runBenchmark(arg, contract);
+
+    System.out.printf(
+        "MAPFP2TOG2 for %,d gas. Charging %,d gas.%n",
+        (int) gasSpent, contract.gasRequirement(arg).asUInt256().toLong());
+  }
+
+  private static double runBenchmark(final Bytes arg, final PrecompiledContract contract) {
+    if (contract.compute(arg, fakeFrame) == null) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Input is Invalid");
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < MATH_WARMUP; i++) {
+      contract.compute(arg, fakeFrame);
+    }
+    final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+    for (int i = 0; i < MATH_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+      contract.compute(arg, fakeFrame);
+    }
+    timer.stop();
+
+    final double elapsed = timer.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) / 1.0e9D;
+    final double perCall = elapsed / MATH_ITERATIONS;
+    return perCall * GAS_PER_SECOND_STANDARD;
+  }
+
+  public static void main(final String[] args) {
+    benchSecp256k1Recover();
+    benchSha256();
+    benchKeccak256();
+    benchRipeMD();
+    benchBNADD();
+    benchBNMUL();
+    benchBNPairing();
+    benchModExp();
+    benchBLS12G1Add();
+    benchBLS12G1Mul();
+    benchBLS12G1MultiExp();
+    benchBLS12G2Add();
+    benchBLS12G2Mul();
+    benchBLS12G2MultiExp();
+    benchBLS12Pair();
+    benchBLS12MapFPTOG1();
+    benchBLS12MapFP2TOG2();
+  }
+}
--- a/gradle/versions.gradle
+++ b/gradle/versions.gradle
@ -93,9 +93,8 @@ dependencyManagement {
    dependency 'org.bouncycastle:bcpkix-jdk15on:1.65'
    dependency 'org.bouncycastle:bcprov-jdk15on:1.65.01'

-    dependency 'org.hyperledger.besu:altbn128:0.2.0'
-    dependency 'org.hyperledger.besu:bls12-381:0.2.0'
-    dependency 'org.hyperledger.besu:secp256k1:0.2.0'
+    dependency 'org.hyperledger.besu:bls12-381:0.3.0'
+    dependency 'org.hyperledger.besu:secp256k1:0.3.0'

    dependency 'org.java-websocket:Java-WebSocket:1.5.1'