Ref tests 10.4 (#3835)

10.4 revision of reference tests has notable changes * Nonce can be up to 2^64-1, with some opcode and validity interactions specced in eip-2681 * Wei fields can be up to 2^256, tests check for rollover * VM Tests were removed * Legacy Tests were removed * Reference tests make it clear that transactions with a maxPriorityFee of zero are valid. Perhaps useless, but still valid. * Adding validation hooks in the out-of-chain test execution. These validations are caught in full-chain execution, just not in conveniently places for integration testing. * This does not transaction tests support for the "merge" fork, as the release notes marked it as an "upcoming" feature. Signed-off-by: Danno Ferrin <danno.ferrin@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Daniel Lehrner <daniel.lehrner@consensys.net> Co-authored-by: Diego López León <dieguitoll@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Daniel Lehrner <daniel.lehrner@consensys.net>
2 years ago · d88bb5867f
parent 950673c798
commit d88bb5867f
44 changed files with 1036 additions and 635 deletions
--- a/datatypes/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/datatypes/Wei.java
+++ b/datatypes/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/datatypes/Wei.java
@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ public final class Wei extends BaseUInt256Value<Wei> implements Quantity {

  public static final Wei ONE = of(1);

+  public static final Wei MAX_WEI = of(UInt256.MAX_VALUE);
+
  Wei(final UInt256 value) {
    super(value, Wei::new);
  }
--- a/ethereum/api/build.gradle
+++ b/ethereum/api/build.gradle
@ -98,7 +98,10 @@ dependencies {
  testImplementation 'org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-core'
  testImplementation 'org.assertj:assertj-core'
  testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter'
+  testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params'
+  testImplementation 'org.junit.platform:junit-platform-runner'
  testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-core'
+  testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-junit-jupiter'

  testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine'

--- a/ethereum/api/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/EthGetTransactionCount.java
+++ b/ethereum/api/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/EthGetTransactionCount.java
@ -23,28 +23,24 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.results.Quantity;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.query.BlockchainQueries;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.eth.transactions.sorter.AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter;

-import java.util.OptionalLong;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;

 import com.google.common.base.Suppliers;

 public class EthGetTransactionCount extends AbstractBlockParameterOrBlockHashMethod {
  private final Supplier<AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter> pendingTransactions;
-  private final boolean resultAsDecimal;

  public EthGetTransactionCount(
      final BlockchainQueries blockchain,
      final AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions) {
-    this(Suppliers.ofInstance(blockchain), Suppliers.ofInstance(pendingTransactions), false);
+    this(Suppliers.ofInstance(blockchain), Suppliers.ofInstance(pendingTransactions));
  }

  public EthGetTransactionCount(
      final Supplier<BlockchainQueries> blockchain,
-      final Supplier<AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter> pendingTransactions,
-      final boolean resultAsDecimal) {
+      final Supplier<AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter> pendingTransactions) {
    super(blockchain);
    this.pendingTransactions = pendingTransactions;
-    this.resultAsDecimal = resultAsDecimal;
  }

  @Override
@ -61,12 +57,17 @@ public class EthGetTransactionCount extends AbstractBlockParameterOrBlockHashMet
  @Override
  protected Object pendingResult(final JsonRpcRequestContext request) {
    final Address address = request.getRequiredParameter(0, Address.class);
-    final OptionalLong pendingNonce = pendingTransactions.get().getNextNonceForSender(address);
+    final long pendingNonce = pendingTransactions.get().getNextNonceForSender(address).orElse(0);
    final long latestNonce =
        getBlockchainQueries()
            .getTransactionCount(
                address, getBlockchainQueries().getBlockchain().getChainHead().getHash());
-    return Quantity.create(Math.max(pendingNonce.orElse(0), latestNonce));
+
+    if (Long.compareUnsigned(pendingNonce, latestNonce) > 0) {
+      return Quantity.create(pendingNonce);
+    }
+
+    return Quantity.create(latestNonce);
  }

  @Override
@ -74,6 +75,6 @@ public class EthGetTransactionCount extends AbstractBlockParameterOrBlockHashMet
    final Address address = request.getRequiredParameter(0, Address.class);
    final long transactionCount = getBlockchainQueries().getTransactionCount(address, blockHash);

-    return resultAsDecimal ? Long.toString(transactionCount) : Quantity.create(transactionCount);
+    return Quantity.create(transactionCount);
  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/api/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/results/Quantity.java
+++ b/ethereum/api/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/results/Quantity.java
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class Quantity {
  }

  public static String create(final long value) {
-    return uint256ToHex(UInt256.valueOf(value));
+    return uint256ToHex(UInt256.fromHexString(Long.toHexString(value)));
  }

  public static String create(final Bytes value) {
--- a/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/DebugAccountAtTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/DebugAccountAtTest.java
@ -14,8 +14,12 @@
 */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.methods;

+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account.MAX_NONCE;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Address;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Hash;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Wei;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.JsonRpcRequest;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.JsonRpcRequestContext;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.processor.BlockTrace;
@ -24,62 +28,70 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.processor.TransactionT
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.response.JsonRpcError;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.response.JsonRpcErrorResponse;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.response.JsonRpcResponse;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.results.ImmutableDebugAccountAtResult;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.response.JsonRpcSuccessResponse;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.results.DebugAccountAtResult;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.query.BlockWithMetadata;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.query.BlockchainQueries;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.query.TransactionWithMetadata;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.Transaction;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.debug.TraceFrame;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.worldstate.WorldUpdater;

 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Optional;

 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
 import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.Mockito;
-import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
-
-@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
-public class DebugAccountAtTest {
-  private final BlockTracer blockTracer = Mockito.mock(BlockTracer.class);
-  private final BlockchainQueries blockchainQueries = Mockito.mock(BlockchainQueries.class);
-
-  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-  private final BlockWithMetadata<TransactionWithMetadata, Hash> blockWithMetadata =
-      Mockito.mock(BlockWithMetadata.class);
-
-  private final TransactionWithMetadata transactionWithMetadata =
-      Mockito.mock(TransactionWithMetadata.class);
-  private final BlockTrace blockTrace = Mockito.mock(BlockTrace.class);
-  private final TransactionTrace transactionTrace = Mockito.mock(TransactionTrace.class);
-  private final DebugAccountAt debugAccountAt =
-      new DebugAccountAt(blockchainQueries, () -> blockTracer);
-  private final Transaction transaction = Mockito.mock(Transaction.class);
+import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
+
+@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
+class DebugAccountAtTest {
+  @Mock private BlockTracer blockTracer;
+  @Mock private BlockchainQueries blockchainQueries;
+  @Mock private BlockWithMetadata<TransactionWithMetadata, Hash> blockWithMetadata;
+  @Mock private TransactionWithMetadata transactionWithMetadata;
+  @Mock private BlockTrace blockTrace;
+  @Mock private TransactionTrace transactionTrace;
+  @Mock private TraceFrame traceFrame;
+  @Mock private Transaction transaction;
+  @Mock private WorldUpdater worldUpdater;
+  @Mock private Account account;
+
+  private static DebugAccountAt debugAccountAt;
+
+  @BeforeEach
+  void init() {
+    debugAccountAt = new DebugAccountAt(blockchainQueries, () -> blockTracer);
+  }

  @Test
-  public void nameShouldBeDebugAccountAt() {
+  void nameShouldBeDebugAccountAt() {
    Assertions.assertThat(debugAccountAt.getName()).isEqualTo("debug_accountAt");
  }

  @Test
-  public void testBlockNotFoundResponse() {
-    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(Mockito.any())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
+  void testBlockNotFoundResponse() {
+    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(any())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());

    final Object[] params = new Object[] {Hash.ZERO.toHexString(), 0, Address.ZERO.toHexString()};
    final JsonRpcRequestContext request =
        new JsonRpcRequestContext(new JsonRpcRequest("2.0", "debug_accountAt", params));
    final JsonRpcResponse response = debugAccountAt.response(request);

-    Assertions.assertThat(response instanceof JsonRpcErrorResponse).isTrue();
+    Assertions.assertThat(response).isInstanceOf(JsonRpcErrorResponse.class);
    Assertions.assertThat(((JsonRpcErrorResponse) response).getError())
        .isEqualByComparingTo(JsonRpcError.BLOCK_NOT_FOUND);
  }

  @Test
-  public void testInvalidParamsResponseEmptyList() {
-    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(Mockito.any()))
-        .thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
+  void testInvalidParamsResponseEmptyList() {
+    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(any())).thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
    Mockito.when(blockWithMetadata.getTransactions()).thenReturn(Collections.emptyList());

    final Object[] params = new Object[] {Hash.ZERO.toHexString(), 0, Address.ZERO.toHexString()};
@ -87,15 +99,14 @@ public class DebugAccountAtTest {
        new JsonRpcRequestContext(new JsonRpcRequest("2.0", "debug_accountAt", params));
    final JsonRpcResponse response = debugAccountAt.response(request);

-    Assertions.assertThat(response instanceof JsonRpcErrorResponse).isTrue();
+    Assertions.assertThat(response).isInstanceOf(JsonRpcErrorResponse.class);
    Assertions.assertThat(((JsonRpcErrorResponse) response).getError())
        .isEqualByComparingTo(JsonRpcError.INVALID_PARAMS);
  }

  @Test
-  public void testInvalidParamsResponseNegative() {
-    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(Mockito.any()))
-        .thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
+  void testInvalidParamsResponseNegative() {
+    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(any())).thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
    Mockito.when(blockWithMetadata.getTransactions())
        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(transactionWithMetadata));

@ -104,15 +115,14 @@ public class DebugAccountAtTest {
        new JsonRpcRequestContext(new JsonRpcRequest("2.0", "debug_accountAt", params));
    final JsonRpcResponse response = debugAccountAt.response(request);

-    Assertions.assertThat(response instanceof JsonRpcErrorResponse).isTrue();
+    Assertions.assertThat(response).isInstanceOf(JsonRpcErrorResponse.class);
    Assertions.assertThat(((JsonRpcErrorResponse) response).getError())
        .isEqualByComparingTo(JsonRpcError.INVALID_PARAMS);
  }

  @Test
-  public void testInvalidParamsResponseTooHigh() {
-    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(Mockito.any()))
-        .thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
+  void testInvalidParamsResponseTooHigh() {
+    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(any())).thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
    Mockito.when(blockWithMetadata.getTransactions())
        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(transactionWithMetadata));

@ -121,15 +131,14 @@ public class DebugAccountAtTest {
        new JsonRpcRequestContext(new JsonRpcRequest("2.0", "debug_accountAt", params));
    final JsonRpcResponse response = debugAccountAt.response(request);

-    Assertions.assertThat(response instanceof JsonRpcErrorResponse).isTrue();
+    Assertions.assertThat(response).isInstanceOf(JsonRpcErrorResponse.class);
    Assertions.assertThat(((JsonRpcErrorResponse) response).getError())
        .isEqualByComparingTo(JsonRpcError.INVALID_PARAMS);
  }

  @Test
-  public void testTransactionNotFoundResponse() {
-    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(Mockito.any()))
-        .thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
+  void testTransactionNotFoundResponse() {
+    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(any())).thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
    Mockito.when(blockWithMetadata.getTransactions())
        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(transactionWithMetadata));

@ -138,24 +147,14 @@ public class DebugAccountAtTest {
        new JsonRpcRequestContext(new JsonRpcRequest("2.0", "debug_accountAt", params));
    final JsonRpcResponse response = debugAccountAt.response(request);

-    Assertions.assertThat(response instanceof JsonRpcErrorResponse).isTrue();
+    Assertions.assertThat(response).isInstanceOf(JsonRpcErrorResponse.class);
    Assertions.assertThat(((JsonRpcErrorResponse) response).getError())
        .isEqualByComparingTo(JsonRpcError.TRANSACTION_NOT_FOUND);
  }

  @Test
-  public void testNoAccountFoundResponse() {
-    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(Mockito.any()))
-        .thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
-    Mockito.when(blockWithMetadata.getTransactions())
-        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(transactionWithMetadata));
-    Mockito.when(blockTracer.trace(Mockito.any(Hash.class), Mockito.any()))
-        .thenReturn(Optional.of(blockTrace));
-    Mockito.when(blockTrace.getTransactionTraces())
-        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(transactionTrace));
-    Mockito.when(transactionTrace.getTransaction()).thenReturn(transaction);
-    Mockito.when(transactionWithMetadata.getTransaction()).thenReturn(transaction);
-    Mockito.when(transaction.getHash()).thenReturn(Hash.ZERO);
+  void testNoAccountFoundResponse() {
+    setupMockTransaction();

    final Object[] params = new Object[] {Hash.ZERO.toHexString(), 0, Address.ZERO.toHexString()};
    final JsonRpcRequestContext request =
@ -163,24 +162,59 @@ public class DebugAccountAtTest {

    final JsonRpcResponse response = debugAccountAt.response(request);

-    Assertions.assertThat(response instanceof JsonRpcErrorResponse).isTrue();
+    Assertions.assertThat(response).isInstanceOf(JsonRpcErrorResponse.class);
    Assertions.assertThat(((JsonRpcErrorResponse) response).getError())
        .isEqualByComparingTo(JsonRpcError.NO_ACCOUNT_FOUND);
  }

  @Test
-  public void testResult() {
+  void shouldBeSuccessfulWhenTransactionsAndAccountArePresent() {
    final String codeString =
        "0x608060405234801561001057600080fd5b506004361061002b5760003560e01c8063b27b880414610030575b";
    final Bytes code = Bytes.fromHexString(codeString);
-    final String nonce = "0x1";
-    final String balance = "0xffff";
-    final String codeHash = "0xf5f334d41776ed2828fc910d488a05c57fe7c2352aab2d16e30539d7726e1562";
-    ImmutableDebugAccountAtResult result =
-        debugAccountAt.debugAccountAtResult(code, nonce, balance, codeHash);
-    Assertions.assertThat(result.getBalance()).isEqualTo(balance);
-    Assertions.assertThat(result.getNonce()).isEqualTo(nonce);
+    final long nonce = MAX_NONCE - 1;
+    final String balanceString = "0xffff";
+    final Wei balance = Wei.fromHexString(balanceString);
+    final Hash codeHash = Hash.hash(code);
+
+    setupMockTransaction();
+    setupMockAccount();
+
+    Mockito.when(account.getCode()).thenReturn(code);
+    Mockito.when(account.getNonce()).thenReturn(nonce);
+    Mockito.when(account.getBalance()).thenReturn(balance);
+    Mockito.when(account.getCodeHash()).thenReturn(codeHash);
+
+    final Object[] params = new Object[] {Hash.ZERO.toHexString(), 0, Address.ZERO.toHexString()};
+    final JsonRpcRequestContext request =
+        new JsonRpcRequestContext(new JsonRpcRequest("2.0", "debug_accountAt", params));
+    final JsonRpcSuccessResponse response =
+        (JsonRpcSuccessResponse) debugAccountAt.response(request);
+
+    final DebugAccountAtResult result = (DebugAccountAtResult) response.getResult();
    Assertions.assertThat(result.getCode()).isEqualTo(codeString);
-    Assertions.assertThat(result.getCodehash()).isEqualTo(codeHash);
+    Assertions.assertThat(result.getNonce()).isEqualTo("0x" + Long.toHexString(nonce));
+    Assertions.assertThat(result.getBalance()).isEqualTo(balanceString);
+    Assertions.assertThat(result.getCodehash()).isEqualTo(codeHash.toHexString());
+  }
+
+  private void setupMockAccount() {
+    Mockito.when(transactionTrace.getTraceFrames())
+        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(traceFrame));
+    Mockito.when(traceFrame.getWorldUpdater()).thenReturn(worldUpdater);
+    Mockito.when(worldUpdater.get(any())).thenReturn(account);
+    Mockito.when(account.getAddress()).thenReturn(Address.ZERO);
+  }
+
+  private void setupMockTransaction() {
+    Mockito.when(blockchainQueries.blockByHash(any())).thenReturn(Optional.of(blockWithMetadata));
+    Mockito.when(blockWithMetadata.getTransactions())
+        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(transactionWithMetadata));
+    Mockito.when(blockTracer.trace(any(Hash.class), any())).thenReturn(Optional.of(blockTrace));
+    Mockito.when(blockTrace.getTransactionTraces())
+        .thenReturn(Collections.singletonList(transactionTrace));
+    Mockito.when(transactionTrace.getTransaction()).thenReturn(transaction);
+    Mockito.when(transactionWithMetadata.getTransaction()).thenReturn(transaction);
+    Mockito.when(transaction.getHash()).thenReturn(Hash.ZERO);
  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/EthGetProofTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/EthGetProofTest.java
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.methods;

 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account.MAX_NONCE;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyList;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
@ -45,14 +46,17 @@ import java.util.Optional;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
 import org.apache.tuweni.units.bigints.UInt256;
 import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions;
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;
+import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoSettings;
+import org.mockito.quality.Strictness;

-@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
-public class EthGetProofTest {
+@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
+@MockitoSettings(strictness = Strictness.LENIENT)
+class EthGetProofTest {
  @Mock private Blockchain blockchain;
  @Mock private BlockchainQueries blockchainQueries;
  @Mock private ChainHead chainHead;
@ -67,18 +71,18 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {
      UInt256.fromHexString("0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001");
  private final long blockNumber = 1;

-  @Before
+  @BeforeEach
  public void setUp() {
    method = new EthGetProof(blockchainQueries);
  }

  @Test
-  public void returnsCorrectMethodName() {
+  void returnsCorrectMethodName() {
    assertThat(method.getName()).isEqualTo(ETH_METHOD);
  }

  @Test
-  public void errorWhenNoAddressAccountSupplied() {
+  void errorWhenNoAddressAccountSupplied() {
    final JsonRpcRequestContext request = requestWithParams(null, null, "latest");
    when(blockchainQueries.getBlockchain()).thenReturn(blockchain);
    when(blockchainQueries.getBlockchain().getChainHead()).thenReturn(chainHead);
@ -90,7 +94,7 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void errorWhenNoStorageKeysSupplied() {
+  void errorWhenNoStorageKeysSupplied() {
    final JsonRpcRequestContext request = requestWithParams(address.toString(), null, "latest");
    when(blockchainQueries.getBlockchain()).thenReturn(blockchain);
    when(blockchainQueries.getBlockchain().getChainHead()).thenReturn(chainHead);
@ -102,7 +106,7 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void errorWhenNoBlockNumberSupplied() {
+  void errorWhenNoBlockNumberSupplied() {
    final JsonRpcRequestContext request = requestWithParams(address.toString(), new String[] {});

    Assertions.assertThatThrownBy(() -> method.response(request))
@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void errorWhenAccountNotFound() {
+  void errorWhenAccountNotFound() {

    generateWorldState();

@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void errorWhenWorldStateUnavailable() {
+  void errorWhenWorldStateUnavailable() {

    when(blockchainQueries.headBlockNumber()).thenReturn(14L);
    when(blockchainQueries.getWorldState(any())).thenReturn(Optional.empty());
@ -152,7 +156,7 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void getProof() {
+  void getProof() {

    final GetProofResult expectedResponse = generateWorldState();

@ -164,7 +168,10 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {

    final JsonRpcSuccessResponse response = (JsonRpcSuccessResponse) method.response(request);

-    assertThat(response.getResult()).usingRecursiveComparison().isEqualTo(expectedResponse);
+    final GetProofResult result = (GetProofResult) response.getResult();
+
+    assertThat(result).usingRecursiveComparison().isEqualTo(expectedResponse);
+    assertThat(result.getNonce()).isEqualTo("0xfffffffffffffffe");
  }

  private JsonRpcRequestContext requestWithParams(final Object... params) {
@ -176,7 +183,7 @@ public class EthGetProofTest {
    final Wei balance = Wei.of(1);
    final Hash codeHash =
        Hash.fromHexString("0xc5d2460186f7233c927e7db2dcc703c0e500b653ca82273b7bfad8045d85a470");
-    final long nonce = 1;
+    final long nonce = MAX_NONCE - 1;
    final Hash rootHash =
        Hash.fromHexString("0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b431");
    final Hash storageRoot =
--- a/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/EthGetTransactionCountTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/methods/EthGetTransactionCountTest.java
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.methods;

 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account.MAX_NONCE;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

@ -34,16 +35,10 @@ import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.OptionalLong;

-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
-
-@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
-public class EthGetTransactionCountTest {
-
-  @Parameterized.Parameter public AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;

+class EthGetTransactionCountTest {
  private final Blockchain blockchain = mock(Blockchain.class);
  private final BlockchainQueries blockchainQueries = mock(BlockchainQueries.class);
  private final ChainHead chainHead = mock(ChainHead.class);
@ -52,7 +47,6 @@ public class EthGetTransactionCountTest {
  private final String pendingTransactionString = "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000AA";
  private final Object[] pendingParams = new Object[] {pendingTransactionString, "pending"};

-  @Parameterized.Parameters
  public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
    return Arrays.asList(
        new Object[][] {
@ -61,13 +55,12 @@ public class EthGetTransactionCountTest {
        });
  }

-  @Before
-  public void setup() {
-    ethGetTransactionCount = new EthGetTransactionCount(blockchainQueries, pendingTransactions);
-  }
+  @ParameterizedTest
+  @MethodSource("data")
+  void shouldUsePendingTransactionsWhenToldTo(
+      final AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions) {
+    setup(pendingTransactions);

-  @Test
-  public void shouldUsePendingTransactionsWhenToldTo() {
    final Address address = Address.fromHexString(pendingTransactionString);
    when(pendingTransactions.getNextNonceForSender(address)).thenReturn(OptionalLong.of(12));
    mockGetTransactionCount(address, 7L);
@ -79,8 +72,12 @@ public class EthGetTransactionCountTest {
    assertThat(response.getResult()).isEqualTo("0xc");
  }

-  @Test
-  public void shouldUseLatestTransactionsWhenNoPendingTransactions() {
+  @ParameterizedTest
+  @MethodSource("data")
+  void shouldUseLatestTransactionsWhenNoPendingTransactions(
+      final AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions) {
+    setup(pendingTransactions);
+
    final Address address = Address.fromHexString(pendingTransactionString);
    when(pendingTransactions.getNextNonceForSender(address)).thenReturn(OptionalLong.empty());
    mockGetTransactionCount(address, 7L);
@ -92,8 +89,12 @@ public class EthGetTransactionCountTest {
    assertThat(response.getResult()).isEqualTo("0x7");
  }

-  @Test
-  public void shouldUseLatestWhenItIsBiggerThanPending() {
+  @ParameterizedTest
+  @MethodSource("data")
+  void shouldUseLatestWhenItIsBiggerThanPending(
+      final AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions) {
+    setup(pendingTransactions);
+
    final Address address = Address.fromHexString(pendingTransactionString);
    mockGetTransactionCount(address, 8);
    when(pendingTransactions.getNextNonceForSender(Address.fromHexString(pendingTransactionString)))
@ -106,6 +107,46 @@ public class EthGetTransactionCountTest {
    assertThat(response.getResult()).isEqualTo("0x8");
  }

+  @ParameterizedTest
+  @MethodSource("data")
+  void shouldReturnPendingWithHighNonce(
+      final AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions) {
+    setup(pendingTransactions);
+
+    final Address address = Address.fromHexString(pendingTransactionString);
+    when(pendingTransactions.getNextNonceForSender(address))
+        .thenReturn(OptionalLong.of(MAX_NONCE - 1));
+    mockGetTransactionCount(address, 7L);
+    final JsonRpcRequestContext request =
+        new JsonRpcRequestContext(
+            new JsonRpcRequest("1", "eth_getTransactionCount", pendingParams));
+    final JsonRpcSuccessResponse response =
+        (JsonRpcSuccessResponse) ethGetTransactionCount.response(request);
+    assertThat(response.getResult()).isEqualTo("0xfffffffffffffffe");
+  }
+
+  @ParameterizedTest
+  @MethodSource("data")
+  void shouldReturnLatestWithHighNonce(
+      final AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions) {
+    setup(pendingTransactions);
+
+    final Address address = Address.fromHexString(pendingTransactionString);
+    when(pendingTransactions.getNextNonceForSender(address))
+        .thenReturn(OptionalLong.of(MAX_NONCE - 2));
+    mockGetTransactionCount(address, MAX_NONCE - 1);
+    final JsonRpcRequestContext request =
+        new JsonRpcRequestContext(
+            new JsonRpcRequest("1", "eth_getTransactionCount", pendingParams));
+    final JsonRpcSuccessResponse response =
+        (JsonRpcSuccessResponse) ethGetTransactionCount.response(request);
+    assertThat(response.getResult()).isEqualTo("0xfffffffffffffffe");
+  }
+
+  private void setup(final AbstractPendingTransactionsSorter pendingTransactions) {
+    ethGetTransactionCount = new EthGetTransactionCount(blockchainQueries, pendingTransactions);
+  }
+
  private void mockGetTransactionCount(final Address address, final long transactionCount) {
    when(blockchainQueries.getBlockchain()).thenReturn(blockchain);
    when(blockchainQueries.getBlockchain().getChainHead()).thenReturn(chainHead);
--- a/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/privacy/methods/priv/PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/privacy/methods/priv/PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest.java
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.privacy.methods.priv;

 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account.MAX_NONCE;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
@ -33,10 +34,15 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.PrivacyParameters;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.privacy.MultiTenancyValidationException;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.privacy.PrivacyController;

-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;

-public class PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest {
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+
+class PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest {
  private static final String ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY = "A1aVtMxLCUHmBVHXoZzzBgPbW/wj5axDpW9X8l91SGo=";
  private static final String[] PRIVATE_FOR = {
    "sgFkVOyFndZe/5SAZJO5UYbrl7pezHetveriBBWWnE8=",
@ -52,7 +58,7 @@ public class PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest {
      Address.fromHexString("0x1000000000000000000000000000000000000001");
  private final PrivacyIdProvider privacyIdProvider = (user) -> ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY;

-  @Before
+  @BeforeEach
  public void setup() {
    when(privacyParameters.isEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
    final Object[] jsonBody = new Object[] {address.toString(), ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY, PRIVATE_FOR};
@ -61,25 +67,23 @@ public class PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest {
            new JsonRpcRequest("2.0", "priv_getEeaTransactionCount", jsonBody));
  }

-  @Test
-  public void validRequestProducesExpectedNonce() {
-    final long reportedNonce = 8L;
+  @ParameterizedTest(name = "{index}: {1}")
+  @MethodSource({"provideNonces"})
+  void validRequestProducesExpectedNonce(final long nonce, final String ignoredName) {
    final PrivGetEeaTransactionCount method =
        new PrivGetEeaTransactionCount(privacyController, privacyIdProvider);

-    when(privacyController.determineNonce(any(), any(), eq(ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY)))
-        .thenReturn(reportedNonce);
+    when(privacyController.determineNonce(any(), any(), eq(ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY))).thenReturn(nonce);

    final JsonRpcResponse response = method.response(request);
    assertThat(response).isInstanceOf(JsonRpcSuccessResponse.class);

    final JsonRpcSuccessResponse successResponse = (JsonRpcSuccessResponse) response;
-    final int returnedValue = Integer.decode((String) successResponse.getResult());
-    assertThat(returnedValue).isEqualTo(reportedNonce);
+    assertThat(successResponse.getResult()).isEqualTo("0x" + Long.toHexString(nonce));
  }

  @Test
-  public void nonceProviderThrowsRuntimeExceptionProducesErrorResponse() {
+  void nonceProviderThrowsRuntimeExceptionProducesErrorResponse() {
    final PrivGetEeaTransactionCount method =
        new PrivGetEeaTransactionCount(privacyController, privacyIdProvider);

@ -95,7 +99,7 @@ public class PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void nonceProviderThrowsAnExceptionProducesErrorResponse() {
+  void nonceProviderThrowsAnExceptionProducesErrorResponse() {
    final PrivGetEeaTransactionCount method =
        new PrivGetEeaTransactionCount(privacyController, privacyIdProvider);

@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ public class PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void failsWithUnauthorizedErrorIfMultiTenancyValidationFails() {
+  void failsWithUnauthorizedErrorIfMultiTenancyValidationFails() {
    final PrivGetEeaTransactionCount method =
        new PrivGetEeaTransactionCount(privacyController, privacyIdProvider);

@ -125,4 +129,8 @@ public class PrivGetEeaTransactionCountTest {
    assertThat(errorResponse.getError())
        .isEqualTo(JsonRpcError.GET_PRIVATE_TRANSACTION_NONCE_ERROR);
  }
+
+  private static Stream<Arguments> provideNonces() {
+    return Stream.of(Arguments.of(8, "low nonce"), Arguments.of(MAX_NONCE - 1, "high nonce"));
+  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/privacy/methods/priv/PrivGetTransactionCountTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/api/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/api/jsonrpc/internal/privacy/methods/priv/PrivGetTransactionCountTest.java
@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.api.jsonrpc.internal.privacy.methods.priv;

 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account.MAX_NONCE;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
@ -32,13 +33,18 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.PrivacyParameters;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.privacy.MultiTenancyValidationException;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.privacy.PrivacyController;

+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
 import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
 import io.vertx.ext.auth.User;
 import io.vertx.ext.auth.impl.UserImpl;
-import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;

-public class PrivGetTransactionCountTest {
+class PrivGetTransactionCountTest {

  private static final String ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY = "A1aVtMxLCUHmBVHXoZzzBgPbW/wj5axDpW9X8l91SGo=";
  private final PrivacyParameters privacyParameters = mock(PrivacyParameters.class);
@ -48,20 +54,21 @@ public class PrivGetTransactionCountTest {

  private final Address senderAddress =
      Address.fromHexString("0x627306090abab3a6e1400e9345bc60c78a8bef57");
-  private final long NONCE = 5;
  private final User user =
      new UserImpl(new JsonObject().put("privacyPublicKey", ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY)) {};
  private final PrivacyIdProvider privacyIdProvider = (user) -> ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY;

-  @Before
-  public void before() {
+  @BeforeEach
+  public void setup() {
    when(privacyParameters.isEnabled()).thenReturn(true);
-    when(privacyController.determineNonce(senderAddress, PRIVACY_GROUP_ID, ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY))
-        .thenReturn(NONCE);
  }

-  @Test
-  public void verifyTransactionCount() {
+  @ParameterizedTest(name = "{index}: {1}")
+  @MethodSource({"provideNonces"})
+  void verifyTransactionCount(final long nonce, final String ignoredName) {
+    when(privacyController.determineNonce(senderAddress, PRIVACY_GROUP_ID, ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY))
+        .thenReturn(nonce);
+
    final PrivGetTransactionCount privGetTransactionCount =
        new PrivGetTransactionCount(privacyController, privacyIdProvider);

@ -73,12 +80,12 @@ public class PrivGetTransactionCountTest {
    final JsonRpcSuccessResponse response =
        (JsonRpcSuccessResponse) privGetTransactionCount.response(request);

-    assertThat(response.getResult()).isEqualTo(String.format("0x%X", NONCE));
+    assertThat(response.getResult()).isEqualTo("0x" + Long.toHexString(nonce));
    verify(privacyController).determineNonce(senderAddress, PRIVACY_GROUP_ID, ENCLAVE_PUBLIC_KEY);
  }

  @Test
-  public void failsWithNonceErrorIfExceptionIsThrown() {
+  void failsWithNonceErrorIfExceptionIsThrown() {
    final PrivGetTransactionCount privGetTransactionCount =
        new PrivGetTransactionCount(privacyController, privacyIdProvider);

@ -98,7 +105,7 @@ public class PrivGetTransactionCountTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void failsWithUnauthorizedErrorIfMultiTenancyValidationFails() {
+  void failsWithUnauthorizedErrorIfMultiTenancyValidationFails() {
    final PrivGetTransactionCount privGetTransactionCount =
        new PrivGetTransactionCount(privacyController, privacyIdProvider);

@ -116,4 +123,8 @@ public class PrivGetTransactionCountTest {
    final JsonRpcResponse response = privGetTransactionCount.response(request);
    assertThat(response).isEqualTo(expectedResponse);
  }
+
+  private static Stream<Arguments> provideNonces() {
+    return Stream.of(Arguments.of(5, "low nonce"), Arguments.of(MAX_NONCE - 1, "high nonce"));
+  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/core/build.gradle
+++ b/ethereum/core/build.gradle
@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ dependencies {
  testImplementation 'org.apache.tuweni:tuweni-units'
  testImplementation 'org.assertj:assertj-core'
  testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter'
+  testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params'
  testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-core'

  testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine'
@ -174,19 +175,6 @@ task blockchainReferenceTestsSetup {
    )
 }

-task legacyBlockchainReferenceTestsSetup {
-  inputs.files fileTree('../referencetests/src/test/resources/LegacyTests/Constantinople/BlockchainTests')
-  outputs.files "./build/generated/sources/referencetests/java/test/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/blockchain"
-  generateTestFiles(
-    fileTree('../referencetests/src/test/resources/LegacyTests/Constantinople/BlockchainTests'),
-    file("./src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/BlockchainReferenceTest.java.template"),
-    "LegacyTests",
-    "./build/generated/sources/referencetests/java/test/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/blockchain",
-    "LegacyBlockchainReferenceTest",
-    ("BlockchainTests/InvalidBlocks/bcExpectSection") // exclude test for test filling tool
-    )
-}
-
 task generalstateReferenceTestsSetup {
  inputs.files fileTree("../referencetests/src/test/resources/GeneralStateTests")
  outputs.files "./build/generated/sources/referencetests/java/test/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/generalstate"
@ -199,18 +187,6 @@ task generalstateReferenceTestsSetup {
    )
 }

-task legacyGeneralstateReferenceTestsSetup {
-  inputs.files fileTree('../referencetests/src/test/resources/LegacyTests/Constantinople/GeneralStateTests')
-  outputs.files "./build/generated/sources/referencetests/java/test/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/generalstate"
-  generateTestFiles(
-    fileTree('../referencetests/src/test/resources/LegacyTests/Constantinople/GeneralStateTests'),
-    file("./src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/GeneralStateReferenceTest.java.template"),
-    "LegacyTests",
-    "./build/generated/sources/referencetests/java/test/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/generalstate",
-    "LegacyGeneralStateReferenceTest"
-    )
-}
-
 task generalstateRegressionReferenceTestsSetup {
  inputs.files fileTree("./src/test/resources/regressions/generalstate")
  outputs.files "./build/generated/sources/referencetests/java/test/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/generalstate"
@ -242,16 +218,12 @@ clean.dependsOn(cleanupReferenceTests)
 task referenceTests(type: Test, dependsOn: [
  "blockchainReferenceTestsSetup",
  "generalstateReferenceTestsSetup",
-  "legacyBlockchainReferenceTestsSetup",
-  "legacyGeneralstateReferenceTestsSetup",
  "generalstateRegressionReferenceTestsSetup",
  "compileTestJava"
 ]) {
  compileTestJava.mustRunAfter blockchainReferenceTestsSetup
  compileTestJava.mustRunAfter generalstateReferenceTestsSetup
  compileTestJava.mustRunAfter generalstateRegressionReferenceTestsSetup
-  compileTestJava.mustRunAfter legacyBlockchainReferenceTestsSetup
-  compileTestJava.mustRunAfter legacyGeneralstateReferenceTestsSetup
  doFirst {
    if (!file("../referencetests/src/test/resources/README.md").exists()) {
      throw new GradleException("ethereum/referencetests/src/test/resources/README.md missing: please clone submodules (git submodule update --init --recursive)")
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/Transaction.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/Transaction.java
@ -178,6 +178,16 @@ public class Transaction
          "Must not specify access list for transaction not supporting it");
    }

+    if (gasPrice
+            .or(() -> maxFeePerGas)
+            .orElse(Wei.ZERO)
+            .getAsBigInteger()
+            .multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(gasLimit))
+            .bitLength()
+        > 256) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Upfront gas cost exceeds UInt256");
+    }
+
    if (Objects.equals(transactionType, TransactionType.ACCESS_LIST)) {
      checkArgument(
          maybeAccessList.isPresent(), "Must specify access list for access list transaction");
@ -639,7 +649,12 @@ public class Transaction
    if (gasPrice == null || gasPrice.isZero()) {
      return Wei.ZERO;
    }
-    return Wei.of(getGasLimit()).multiply(gasPrice);
+    var cost = BigInteger.valueOf(getGasLimit()).multiply(gasPrice.getAsBigInteger());
+    if (cost.bitLength() > 256) {
+      return Wei.MAX_WEI;
+    } else {
+      return Wei.of(cost);
+    }
  }

  /**
@ -652,7 +667,7 @@ public class Transaction
   * @return the up-front gas cost for the transaction
   */
  public Wei getUpfrontCost() {
-    return getUpfrontGasCost().add(getValue());
+    return getUpfrontGasCost().addExact(getValue());
  }

  @Override
@ -1068,6 +1083,6 @@ public class Transaction
   * @return the effective gas price.
   */
  public final Wei getEffectiveGasPrice(final Optional<Wei> baseFeePerGas) {
-    return getEffectivePriorityFeePerGas(baseFeePerGas).add(baseFeePerGas.orElse(Wei.ZERO));
+    return getEffectivePriorityFeePerGas(baseFeePerGas).addExact(baseFeePerGas.orElse(Wei.ZERO));
  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionDecoder.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionDecoder.java
@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.plugin.data.TransactionType;

 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;

-import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
 import com.google.common.base.Suppliers;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
@ -50,13 +50,12 @@ public class TransactionDecoder {
    Transaction decode(RLPInput input);
  }

-  private static final ImmutableMap<TransactionType, TransactionDecoder.Decoder>
-      TYPED_TRANSACTION_DECODERS =
-          ImmutableMap.of(
-              TransactionType.ACCESS_LIST,
-              TransactionDecoder::decodeAccessList,
-              TransactionType.EIP1559,
-              TransactionDecoder::decodeEIP1559);
+  private static final ImmutableMap<TransactionType, Decoder> TYPED_TRANSACTION_DECODERS =
+      ImmutableMap.of(
+          TransactionType.ACCESS_LIST,
+          TransactionDecoder::decodeAccessList,
+          TransactionType.EIP1559,
+          TransactionDecoder::decodeEIP1559);

  private static final Supplier<SignatureAlgorithm> SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM =
      Suppliers.memoize(SignatureAlgorithmFactory::getInstance);
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionEncoder.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionEncoder.java
@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.plugin.data.TransactionType;

 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;

-import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;

 public class TransactionEncoder {
@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ public class TransactionEncoder {
    void encode(Transaction transaction, RLPOutput output);
  }

-  private static final ImmutableMap<TransactionType, Encoder> TYPED_TRANSACTION_ENCODERS =
-      ImmutableMap.of(
+  private static final Map<TransactionType, Encoder> TYPED_TRANSACTION_ENCODERS =
+      Map.of(
          TransactionType.ACCESS_LIST,
          TransactionEncoder::encodeAccessList,
          TransactionType.EIP1559,
@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public class TransactionEncoder {
      final Bytes payload,
      final List<AccessListEntry> accessList,
      final RLPOutput rlpOutput) {
-    rlpOutput.writeLongScalar(chainId.orElseThrow().longValue());
+    rlpOutput.writeBigIntegerScalar(chainId.orElseThrow());
    rlpOutput.writeLongScalar(nonce);
    rlpOutput.writeUInt256Scalar(gasPrice);
    rlpOutput.writeLongScalar(gasLimit);
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ public class TransactionEncoder {

  static void encodeEIP1559(final Transaction transaction, final RLPOutput out) {
    out.startList();
-    out.writeLongScalar(transaction.getChainId().orElseThrow().longValue());
+    out.writeBigIntegerScalar(transaction.getChainId().orElseThrow());
    out.writeLongScalar(transaction.getNonce());
    out.writeUInt256Scalar(transaction.getMaxPriorityFeePerGas().orElseThrow());
    out.writeUInt256Scalar(transaction.getMaxFeePerGas().orElseThrow());
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/MainnetTransactionValidator.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/MainnetTransactionValidator.java
@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet;

+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account.MAX_NONCE;
+
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SECPSignature;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.crypto.SignatureAlgorithmFactory;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Hash;
@ -30,6 +32,8 @@ import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.Set;

+import com.google.common.primitives.Longs;
+
 /**
 * Validates a transaction based on Frontier protocol runtime requirements.
 *
@ -150,19 +154,29 @@ public class MainnetTransactionValidator {
      }
    }

-    // transactionValidationParams.isAllowExceedingBalance() is used on eth_call
-    if (!feeMarket.satisfiesFloorTxCost(transaction)
-        && !transactionValidationParams.isAllowExceedingBalance()) {
+    if (transaction.getNonce() == MAX_NONCE) {
      return ValidationResult.invalid(
-          TransactionInvalidReason.INVALID_TRANSACTION_FORMAT,
-          "effective gas price is too low to execute");
+          TransactionInvalidReason.NONCE_TOO_HIGH, "Nonces must be less than 2^64-1");
+    }
+
+    if (transaction
+            .getGasPrice()
+            .or(transaction::getMaxFeePerGas)
+            .orElse(Wei.ZERO)
+            .getAsBigInteger()
+            .multiply(new BigInteger(1, Longs.toByteArray(transaction.getGasLimit())))
+            .bitLength()
+        > 256) {
+      return ValidationResult.invalid(
+          TransactionInvalidReason.UPFRONT_FEE_TOO_HIGH,
+          "gasLimit x price must be less than 2^256");
    }

    final long intrinsicGasCost =
        gasCalculator.transactionIntrinsicGasCost(
                transaction.getPayload(), transaction.isContractCreation())
            + (transaction.getAccessList().map(gasCalculator::accessListGasCost).orElse(0L));
-    if (intrinsicGasCost > transaction.getGasLimit()) {
+    if (Long.compareUnsigned(intrinsicGasCost, transaction.getGasLimit()) > 0) {
      return ValidationResult.invalid(
          TransactionInvalidReason.INTRINSIC_GAS_EXCEEDS_GAS_LIMIT,
          String.format(
--- a/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/transaction/TransactionInvalidReason.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/transaction/TransactionInvalidReason.java
@ -47,5 +47,7 @@ public enum TransactionInvalidReason {
  INTERNAL_ERROR,
  // Quroum Compatibility Invalid Reasons
  GAS_PRICE_MUST_BE_ZERO,
-  ETHER_VALUE_NOT_SUPPORTED
+  ETHER_VALUE_NOT_SUPPORTED,
+  NONCE_TOO_HIGH,
+  UPFRONT_FEE_TOO_HIGH
 }
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test-support/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/BlockDataGenerator.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test-support/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/BlockDataGenerator.java
@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.OptionalLong;
 import java.util.Random;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;

-import com.google.common.base.Supplier;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes32;
 import org.apache.tuweni.units.bigints.UInt256;
@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ public class BlockDataGenerator {
  }

  private KeyPairGenerator createKeyPairGenerator(final long seed) {
-    final KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator;
+    final KeyPairGenerator localKeyPairGenerator;
    try {
-      keyPairGenerator =
+      localKeyPairGenerator =
          KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(
              SignatureAlgorithm.ALGORITHM, signatureAlgorithm.getProvider());
    } catch (final Exception e) {
@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ public class BlockDataGenerator {
    try {
      final SecureRandom secureRandom = SecureRandomProvider.createSecureRandom();
      secureRandom.setSeed(seed);
-      keyPairGenerator.initialize(ecGenParameterSpec, secureRandom);
+      localKeyPairGenerator.initialize(ecGenParameterSpec, secureRandom);
    } catch (final InvalidAlgorithmParameterException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
-    return keyPairGenerator;
+    return localKeyPairGenerator;
  }

  /**
@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ public class BlockDataGenerator {
          }
        }
      }
-      account.setNonce(random.nextInt(10));
+      account.setNonce(random.nextLong());
      account.setBalance(Wei.of(positiveLong()));

      accounts.add(account);
@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ public class BlockDataGenerator {
  private Transaction accessListTransaction(final Bytes payload, final Address to) {
    return Transaction.builder()
        .type(TransactionType.ACCESS_LIST)
-        .nonce(positiveLong())
+        .nonce(random.nextLong())
        .gasPrice(Wei.wrap(bytesValue(4)))
        .gasLimit(positiveLong())
        .to(to)
@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ public class BlockDataGenerator {

  private List<AccessListEntry> accessList() {
    final List<Address> accessedAddresses =
-        Stream.generate(this::address).limit(1 + random.nextInt(3)).collect(toUnmodifiableList());
+        Stream.generate(this::address).limit(1L + random.nextInt(3)).collect(toUnmodifiableList());
    final List<AccessListEntry> accessedStorage = new ArrayList<>();
    for (int i = 0; i < accessedAddresses.size(); ++i) {
      accessedStorage.add(
@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ public class BlockDataGenerator {
  private Transaction eip1559Transaction(final Bytes payload, final Address to) {
    return Transaction.builder()
        .type(TransactionType.EIP1559)
-        .nonce(positiveLong())
+        .nonce(random.nextLong())
        .maxPriorityFeePerGas(Wei.wrap(bytesValue(4)))
        .maxFeePerGas(Wei.wrap(bytesValue(4)))
        .gasLimit(positiveLong())
@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ public class BlockDataGenerator {
  private Transaction frontierTransaction(final Bytes payload, final Address to) {
    return Transaction.builder()
        .type(TransactionType.FRONTIER)
-        .nonce(positiveLong())
+        .nonce(random.nextLong())
        .gasPrice(Wei.wrap(bytesValue(4)))
        .gasLimit(positiveLong())
        .to(to)
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTest.java
@ -17,10 +17,25 @@ package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;

+import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Wei;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.MainnetTransactionValidator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.TransactionValidationParams;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.ValidationResult;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestProtocolSchedules;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.BytesValueRLPOutput;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.RLP;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.transaction.TransactionInvalidReason;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.BerlinGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.ByzantiumGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.ConstantinopleGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.FrontierGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.GasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.HomesteadGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.IstanbulGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.LondonGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.PetersburgGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.SpuriousDragonGasCalculator;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.gascalculator.TangerineWhistleGasCalculator;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.testutil.JsonTestParameters;

 import java.util.Collection;
@ -45,6 +60,7 @@ public class TransactionTest {
        .getTransactionValidator();
  }

+  private final String name;
  private final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec;

  private static final String TEST_CONFIG_FILE_DIR_PATH = "TransactionTests/";
@ -52,80 +68,112 @@ public class TransactionTest {
  @Parameters(name = "Name: {0}")
  public static Collection<Object[]> getTestParametersForConfig() {
    return JsonTestParameters.create(TransactionTestCaseSpec.class)
-        // ignore tests that expect transactions with large gasLimits to properly decode
-        .ignore("TransactionWithGasLimitOverflow(2|63)", "TransactionWithGasLimitxPriceOverflow$")
-        // Nonce is tracked with type long, large valued nonces can't currently be decoded
-        .ignore("TransactionWithHighNonce256")
        .generator((name, spec, collector) -> collector.add(name, spec, true))
        .generate(TEST_CONFIG_FILE_DIR_PATH);
  }

  public TransactionTest(
      final String name, final TransactionTestCaseSpec spec, final boolean runTest) {
+    this.name = name;
    this.spec = spec;
    assumeTrue("Test " + name + " was ignored", runTest);
  }

  @Test
  public void frontier() {
-    milestone("Frontier");
+    milestone("Frontier", new FrontierGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
  }

  @Test
  public void homestead() {
-    milestone("Homestead");
+    milestone("Homestead", new HomesteadGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
  }

  @Test
  public void eIP150() {
-    milestone("EIP150");
+    milestone("EIP150", new TangerineWhistleGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
  }

  @Test
  public void eIP158() {
-    milestone("EIP158");
+    milestone("EIP158", new SpuriousDragonGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
  }

  @Test
  public void byzantium() {
-    milestone("Byzantium");
+    milestone("Byzantium", new ByzantiumGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
  }

  @Test
  public void constantinople() {
-    milestone("Constantinople");
+    milestone("Constantinople", new ConstantinopleGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
  }

  @Test
  public void petersburg() {
-    milestone("ConstantinopleFix");
+    milestone("ConstantinopleFix", new PetersburgGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
  }

-  public void milestone(final String milestone) {
+  @Test
+  public void istanbul() {
+    milestone("Istanbul", new IstanbulGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void berlin() {
+    milestone("Berlin", new BerlinGasCalculator(), Optional.empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void london() {
+    milestone("London", new LondonGasCalculator(), Optional.of(Wei.of(0)));
+  }
+
+  public void milestone(
+      final String milestone, final GasCalculator gasCalculator, final Optional<Wei> baseFee) {

    final TransactionTestCaseSpec.Expectation expected = spec.expectation(milestone);

    try {
-      final Bytes rlp = spec.getRlp();
+      Bytes rlp = spec.getRlp();
+
+      // non-frontier transactions need to be opaque for parsing to work
+      if (rlp.get(0) > 0) {
+        final BytesValueRLPOutput output = new BytesValueRLPOutput();
+        output.writeBytes(rlp);
+        rlp = output.encoded();
+      }

      // Test transaction deserialization (will throw an exception if it fails).
      final Transaction transaction = Transaction.readFrom(RLP.input(rlp));
-      if (!transactionValidator(milestone)
-          .validate(transaction, Optional.empty(), TransactionValidationParams.processingBlock())
-          .isValid()) {
-        throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Transaction is invalid %s", transaction));
+      final ValidationResult<TransactionInvalidReason> validation =
+          transactionValidator(milestone)
+              .validate(transaction, baseFee, TransactionValidationParams.processingBlock());
+      if (!validation.isValid()) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(
+            String.format(
+                "Transaction is invalid %s - %s", validation.getInvalidReason(), transaction));
      }

      // Test rlp encoding
      final Bytes actualRlp = RLP.encode(transaction::writeTo);
-      assertThat(expected.isSucceeds()).isTrue();
+      assertThat(expected.isSucceeds())
+          .withFailMessage("Transaction " + name + "/" + milestone + " was supposed to be invalid")
+          .isTrue();

      assertThat(actualRlp).isEqualTo(rlp);

      assertThat(transaction.getSender()).isEqualTo(expected.getSender());
      assertThat(transaction.getHash()).isEqualTo(expected.getHash());
+      final long intrinsicGasCost =
+          gasCalculator.transactionIntrinsicGasCost(
+                  transaction.getPayload(), transaction.isContractCreation())
+              + (transaction.getAccessList().map(gasCalculator::accessListGasCost).orElse(0L));
+      assertThat(intrinsicGasCost).isEqualTo(expected.getIntrinsicGas());
    } catch (final Exception e) {
-      assertThat(expected.isSucceeds()).isFalse();
+      if (expected.isSucceeds()) {
+        throw e;
+      }
    }
  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTestCaseSpec.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/TransactionTestCaseSpec.java
@ -35,14 +35,20 @@ public class TransactionTestCaseSpec {

    private final Address sender;

+    private long intrinsicGas;
+
    private final boolean succeeds;

    Expectation(
-        @JsonProperty("hash") final String hash, @JsonProperty("sender") final String sender) {
-      this.succeeds = hash != null && sender != null;
+        @JsonProperty("exception") final String exception,
+        @JsonProperty("hash") final String hash,
+        @JsonProperty("intrinsicGas") final String intrinsicGas,
+        @JsonProperty("sender") final String sender) {
+      this.succeeds = exception == null;
      if (succeeds) {
        this.hash = Hash.fromHexString(hash);
        this.sender = Address.fromHexString(sender);
+        this.intrinsicGas = Long.decode(intrinsicGas);
      } else {
        this.hash = null;
        this.sender = null;
@ -60,6 +66,10 @@ public class TransactionTestCaseSpec {
    public Address getSender() {
      return this.sender;
    }
+
+    public long getIntrinsicGas() {
+      return intrinsicGas;
+    }
  }

  private final HashMap<String, Expectation> expectations;
@ -70,18 +80,21 @@ public class TransactionTestCaseSpec {
  @JsonCreator
  public TransactionTestCaseSpec(final Map<String, Object> props) {
    expectations = new HashMap<>();
-    for (final Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : props.entrySet()) {
-      if ("rlp".equals(entry.getKey())) continue;
-
+    var result = (Map<String, Object>) props.get("result");
+    for (final Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : result.entrySet()) {
      final Map<String, Object> expectation = (Map<String, Object>) entry.getValue();
      expectations.put(
          entry.getKey(),
-          new Expectation((String) expectation.get("hash"), (String) expectation.get("sender")));
+          new Expectation(
+              (String) expectation.get("exception"),
+              (String) expectation.get("hash"),
+              (String) expectation.get("intrinsicGas"),
+              (String) expectation.get("sender")));
    }

    Bytes parsedRlp = null;
    try {
-      parsedRlp = Bytes.fromHexString(props.get("rlp").toString());
+      parsedRlp = Bytes.fromHexString(props.get("txbytes").toString());
    } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
      // Some test cases include rlp "hex strings" with invalid characters
      // In this case, just set rlp to null
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionDecoderTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionDecoderTest.java
@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.encoding;

 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
+import static org.hyperledger.besu.evm.account.Account.MAX_NONCE;

 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Address;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Wei;
@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.RLPInput;
 import java.math.BigInteger;

 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
-import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

-public class TransactionDecoderTest {
+class TransactionDecoderTest {

  private static final String FRONTIER_TX_RLP =
      "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";
@ -37,9 +38,11 @@ public class TransactionDecoderTest {
      "b8a902f8a686796f6c6f7632800285012a05f20082753094000000000000000000000000000000000000aaaa8080f838f794000000000000000000000000000000000000aaaae1a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a00c1d69648e348fe26155b45de45004f0e4195f6352d8f0935bc93e98a3e2a862a060064e5b9765c0ac74223b0cf49635c59ae0faf82044fd17bcc68a549ade6f95";
  private static final String GOQUORUM_PRIVATE_TX_RLP =
      "0xf88d0b808347b7608080b840290a80a37d198ff06abe189b638ff53ac8a8dc51a0aff07609d2aa75342783ae493b3e3c6b564c0eebe49284b05a0726fb33087b9e0231d349ea0c7b5661c8c526a07144db7045a395e608cda6ab051c86cc4fb42e319960b82087f3b26f0cbc3c2da00223ac129b22aec7a6c2ace3c3ef39c5eaaa54070fd82d8ee2140b0e70b1dca9";
+  private static final String NONCE_64_BIT_MAX_MINUS_2_TX_RLP =
+      "0xf86788fffffffffffffffe0182520894095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d8780801ba048b55bfa915ac795c431978d8a6a992b628d557da5ff759b307d495a36649353a01fffd310ac743f371de3b9f7f9cb56c0b28ad43601b4ab949f53faa07bd2c804";

  @Test
-  public void decodeGoQuorumPrivateTransactionRlp() {
+  void decodeGoQuorumPrivateTransactionRlp() {
    boolean goQuorumCompatibilityMode = true;
    RLPInput input = RLP.input(Bytes.fromHexString(GOQUORUM_PRIVATE_TX_RLP));

@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ public class TransactionDecoderTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void decodeFrontierNominalCase() {
+  void decodeFrontierNominalCase() {
    final Transaction transaction =
        TransactionDecoder.decodeForWire(RLP.input(Bytes.fromHexString(FRONTIER_TX_RLP)));
    assertThat(transaction).isNotNull();
@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ public class TransactionDecoderTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void decodeEIP1559NominalCase() {
+  void decodeEIP1559NominalCase() {
    final Transaction transaction =
        TransactionDecoder.decodeForWire(RLP.input(Bytes.fromHexString(EIP1559_TX_RLP)));
    assertThat(transaction).isNotNull();
@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ public class TransactionDecoderTest {
  }

  @Test
-  public void doesNotDecodeEIP1559WithLargeMaxFeePerGasOrLargeMaxPriorityFeePerGas() {
+  void doesNotDecodeEIP1559WithLargeMaxFeePerGasOrLargeMaxPriorityFeePerGas() {
    final String txWithBigFees =
        "0x02f84e0101a1648a5f8b2dcad5ea5ba6b720ff069c1d87c21a4a6a5b3766b39e2c2792367bb066a1ffa5ffaf5b0560d3a9fb186c2ede2ae6751bc0b4fef9107cf36389630b6196a38805800180c0010203";
    final boolean goQuorumCompatibilityMode = false;
@ -81,4 +84,13 @@ public class TransactionDecoderTest {
                    Bytes.fromHexString(txWithBigFees), goQuorumCompatibilityMode))
        .isInstanceOf(RLPException.class);
  }
+
+  @Test
+  void shouldDecodeWithHighNonce() {
+    final Transaction transaction =
+        TransactionDecoder.decodeForWire(
+            RLP.input(Bytes.fromHexString(NONCE_64_BIT_MAX_MINUS_2_TX_RLP)));
+    assertThat(transaction).isNotNull();
+    assertThat(transaction.getNonce()).isEqualTo(MAX_NONCE - 1);
+  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionEncoderTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/core/encoding/TransactionEncoderTest.java
@ -24,48 +24,36 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.BytesValueRLPOutput;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp.RLP;

 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
-import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

-/*
- * Copyright ConsenSys AG.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
- * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- *
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-public class TransactionEncoderTest {
+class TransactionEncoderTest {
  private static final String FRONTIER_TX_RLP =
      "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";
  private static final String EIP1559_TX_RLP =
      "0xb8a902f8a686796f6c6f7632800285012a05f20082753094000000000000000000000000000000000000aaaa8080f838f794000000000000000000000000000000000000aaaae1a0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a00c1d69648e348fe26155b45de45004f0e4195f6352d8f0935bc93e98a3e2a862a060064e5b9765c0ac74223b0cf49635c59ae0faf82044fd17bcc68a549ade6f95";
+  private static final String NONCE_64_BIT_MAX_MINUS_2_TX_RLP =
+      "0xf86788fffffffffffffffe0182520894095e7baea6a6c7c4c2dfeb977efac326af552d8780801ba048b55bfa915ac795c431978d8a6a992b628d557da5ff759b307d495a36649353a01fffd310ac743f371de3b9f7f9cb56c0b28ad43601b4ab949f53faa07bd2c804";

  @Test
-  public void encodeFrontierTxNominalCase() {
+  void encodeFrontierTxNominalCase() {
    final Transaction transaction =
        TransactionDecoder.decodeForWire(RLP.input(Bytes.fromHexString(FRONTIER_TX_RLP)));
    final BytesValueRLPOutput output = new BytesValueRLPOutput();
    TransactionEncoder.encodeForWire(transaction, output);
-    assertThat(FRONTIER_TX_RLP).isEqualTo(output.encoded().toHexString());
+    assertThat(output.encoded().toHexString()).isEqualTo(FRONTIER_TX_RLP);
  }

  @Test
-  public void encodeEIP1559TxNominalCase() {
+  void encodeEIP1559TxNominalCase() {
    final Transaction transaction =
        TransactionDecoder.decodeForWire(RLP.input(Bytes.fromHexString(EIP1559_TX_RLP)));
    final BytesValueRLPOutput output = new BytesValueRLPOutput();
    TransactionEncoder.encodeForWire(transaction, output);
-    assertThat(EIP1559_TX_RLP).isEqualTo(output.encoded().toHexString());
+    assertThat(output.encoded().toHexString()).isEqualTo(EIP1559_TX_RLP);
  }

  @Test
-  public void blockWithLegacyAndEIP2930TransactionsRoundTrips() {
+  void blockWithLegacyAndEIP2930TransactionsRoundTrips() {
    final BlockDataGenerator gen = new BlockDataGenerator();

    final Block block =
@ -78,4 +66,14 @@ public class TransactionEncoderTest {
                RLP.input(RLP.encode(block::writeTo)), new MainnetBlockHeaderFunctions()))
        .isEqualTo(block);
  }
+
+  @Test
+  void shouldEncodeWithHighNonce() {
+    final Transaction transaction =
+        TransactionDecoder.decodeForWire(
+            RLP.input(Bytes.fromHexString(NONCE_64_BIT_MAX_MINUS_2_TX_RLP)));
+    final BytesValueRLPOutput output = new BytesValueRLPOutput();
+    TransactionEncoder.encodeForWire(transaction, output);
+    assertThat(output.encoded().toHexString()).isEqualTo(NONCE_64_BIT_MAX_MINUS_2_TX_RLP);
+  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/DifficultyCalculatorTests.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/DifficultyCalculatorTests.java
@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

 import org.hyperledger.besu.config.GenesisConfigFile;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.config.JsonUtil;
+import org.hyperledger.besu.config.StubGenesisConfigOptions;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Address;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Hash;
 import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.BlockHeader;
@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;

 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
@ -73,68 +75,83 @@ public class DifficultyCalculatorTests {
              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
        },
        new Object[] {
-          "/BasicTests/difficultyFrontier.json",
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfArrowGlacier/difficultyArrowGlacierForkBlock.json",
          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(
-              GenesisConfigFile.fromConfig("{\"config\": {\"frontierBlock\":0}}")
-                  .getConfigOptions(),
-              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
+              new StubGenesisConfigOptions().arrowGlacierBlock(13773000))
        },
        new Object[] {
-          "/BasicTests/difficultyHomestead.json",
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfArrowGlacier/difficultyArrowGlacierTimeDiff1.json",
          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(
-              GenesisConfigFile.fromConfig("{\"config\": {\"homesteadBlock\":0}}")
-                  .getConfigOptions(),
-              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
+              new StubGenesisConfigOptions().arrowGlacierBlock(13773000))
        },
        new Object[] {
-          "/BasicTests/difficultyByzantium.json",
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfArrowGlacier/difficultyArrowGlacierTimeDiff2.json",
          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(
-              GenesisConfigFile.fromConfig("{\"config\": {\"byzantiumBlock\":0}}")
-                  .getConfigOptions(),
-              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
+              new StubGenesisConfigOptions().arrowGlacierBlock(13773000))
        },
        new Object[] {
-          "/BasicTests/difficultyConstantinople.json",
-          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(
-              GenesisConfigFile.fromConfig("{\"config\": {\"constantinopleBlock\":0}}")
-                  .getConfigOptions(),
-              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfByzantium/difficultyByzantium.json",
+          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(new StubGenesisConfigOptions().byzantiumBlock(0))
        },
        new Object[] {
-          "/BasicTests/difficultyEIP2384.json",
-          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(
-              GenesisConfigFile.fromConfig("{\"config\":{\"muirGlacierBlock\":0}}")
-                  .getConfigOptions(),
-              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfConstantinople/difficultyConstantinople.json",
+          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(new StubGenesisConfigOptions().constantinopleBlock(0))
        },
        new Object[] {
-          "/BasicTests/difficultyEIP2384_random.json",
-          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(
-              GenesisConfigFile.fromConfig("{\"config\":{\"muirGlacierBlock\":0}}")
-                  .getConfigOptions(),
-              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfEIP2384/difficultyEIP2384.json",
+          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(new StubGenesisConfigOptions().muirGlacierBlock(0))
        },
        new Object[] {
-          "/BasicTests/difficultyEIP2384_random_to20M.json",
-          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(
-              GenesisConfigFile.fromConfig("{\"config\":{\"muirGlacierBlock\":0}}")
-                  .getConfigOptions(),
-              EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfEIP2384/difficultyEIP2384_random.json",
+          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(new StubGenesisConfigOptions().muirGlacierBlock(0))
+        },
+        new Object[] {
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfEIP2384/difficultyEIP2384_random_to20M.json",
+          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(new StubGenesisConfigOptions().muirGlacierBlock(0))
+        },
+        new Object[] {
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfFrontier/difficultyFrontier.json",
+          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(new StubGenesisConfigOptions())
+        },
+        new Object[] {
+          "/DifficultyTests/dfHomestead/difficultyHomestead.json",
+          MainnetProtocolSchedule.fromConfig(new StubGenesisConfigOptions().homesteadBlock(0))
        });
  }

  @Test
  public void testDifficultyCalculation() throws IOException {
-    MainnetBlockHeaderFunctions blockHeaderFunctions = new MainnetBlockHeaderFunctions();
+    final MainnetBlockHeaderFunctions blockHeaderFunctions = new MainnetBlockHeaderFunctions();
    final ObjectNode testObject =
        JsonUtil.objectNodeFromString(
            Resources.toString(
                DifficultyCalculatorTests.class.getResource(testFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+
+    if (testObject.size() == 1) {
+      final var topObjectIterator = testObject.fields();
+      while (topObjectIterator.hasNext()) {
+        final Map.Entry<String, JsonNode> testNameIterator = topObjectIterator.next();
+        final var testHolderIter = testNameIterator.getValue().fields();
+        while (testHolderIter.hasNext()) {
+          final var testList = testHolderIter.next();
+          if (!testList.getKey().equals("_info")) {
+            testDifficulty(blockHeaderFunctions, (ObjectNode) testList.getValue());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      testDifficulty(blockHeaderFunctions, testObject);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void testDifficulty(
+      final MainnetBlockHeaderFunctions blockHeaderFunctions, final ObjectNode testObject) {
    final var fields = testObject.fields();
    while (fields.hasNext()) {
      final var entry = fields.next();
      final JsonNode value = entry.getValue();
      final long currentBlockNumber = extractLong(value, "currentBlockNumber");
+      String parentUncles = value.get("parentUncles").asText();
      final BlockHeader testHeader =
          BlockHeaderBuilder.create()
              .parentHash(Hash.EMPTY)
@ -151,7 +168,10 @@ public class DifficultyCalculatorTests {
              .blockHeaderFunctions(blockHeaderFunctions)
              .timestamp(extractLong(value, "parentTimestamp"))
              .difficulty(Difficulty.fromHexString(value.get("parentDifficulty").asText()))
-              .ommersHash(Hash.fromHexString(value.get("parentUncles").asText()))
+              .ommersHash(
+                  parentUncles.equals("0x00")
+                      ? Hash.EMPTY_LIST_HASH
+                      : Hash.fromHexStringLenient(parentUncles))
              .number(currentBlockNumber)
              .buildBlockHeader();
      final long currentTime = extractLong(value, "currentTimestamp");
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/MainnetTransactionValidatorTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/mainnet/MainnetTransactionValidatorTest.java
@ -282,39 +282,6 @@ public class MainnetTransactionValidatorTest {
        .isEqualTo("max priority fee per gas cannot be greater than max fee per gas");
  }

-  @Test
-  public void shouldRejectTransactionWhenEffectiveGasPriceIsTooLow() {
-    final MainnetTransactionValidator validator =
-        new MainnetTransactionValidator(
-            gasCalculator,
-            FeeMarket.london(0L),
-            false,
-            Optional.of(BigInteger.ONE),
-            Set.of(TransactionType.values()),
-            defaultGoQuorumCompatibilityMode);
-    validator.setTransactionFilter(transactionFilter(true));
-
-    final Transaction transaction =
-        Transaction.builder()
-            .type(TransactionType.EIP1559)
-            .nonce(0)
-            .maxPriorityFeePerGas(Wei.ZERO)
-            .maxFeePerGas(Wei.of(4))
-            .gasLimit(15)
-            .to(Address.ZERO)
-            .value(Wei.of(0))
-            .payload(Bytes.EMPTY)
-            .chainId(BigInteger.ONE)
-            .signAndBuild(new SECP256K1().generateKeyPair());
-
-    final ValidationResult<TransactionInvalidReason> validationResult =
-        validator.validate(transaction, Optional.of(Wei.ONE), transactionValidationParams);
-
-    assertThat(validationResult).isEqualTo(ValidationResult.invalid(INVALID_TRANSACTION_FORMAT));
-    assertThat(validationResult.getErrorMessage())
-        .isEqualTo("effective gas price is too low to execute");
-  }
-
  @Test
  public void shouldPropagateCorrectStateChangeParamToTransactionFilter() {
    final ArgumentCaptor<Boolean> stateChangeLocalParamCaptor =
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/GeneralStateReferenceTestTools.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/GeneralStateReferenceTestTools.java
@ -114,6 +114,16 @@ public class GeneralStateReferenceTestTools {
    final WorldState initialWorldState = spec.getInitialWorldState();
    final Transaction transaction = spec.getTransaction();

+    // Sometimes the tests ask us assemble an invalid transaction.  If we have
+    // no valid transaction then there is no test.  GeneralBlockChain tests
+    // will handle the case where we receive the TXs in a serialized form.
+    if (transaction == null) {
+      assertThat(spec.getExpectException())
+          .withFailMessage("Transaction was not assembled, but no exception was expected")
+          .isNotNull();
+      return;
+    }
+
    final MutableWorldState worldState = new DefaultMutableWorldState(initialWorldState);
    // Several of the GeneralStateTests check if the transaction could potentially
    // consume more gas than is left for the block it's attempted to be included in.
@ -136,11 +146,13 @@ public class GeneralStateReferenceTestTools {
            new BlockHashLookup(blockHeader, blockchain),
            false,
            TransactionValidationParams.processingBlock());
-    final Account coinbase = worldStateUpdater.getOrCreate(spec.getBlockHeader().getCoinbase());
-    if (coinbase != null && coinbase.isEmpty() && shouldClearEmptyAccounts(spec.getFork())) {
-      worldStateUpdater.deleteAccount(coinbase.getAddress());
+    if (!result.isInvalid()) {
+      final Account coinbase = worldStateUpdater.getOrCreate(spec.getBlockHeader().getCoinbase());
+      if (coinbase != null && coinbase.isEmpty() && shouldClearEmptyAccounts(spec.getFork())) {
+        worldStateUpdater.deleteAccount(coinbase.getAddress());
+      }
+      worldStateUpdater.commit();
    }
-    worldStateUpdater.commit();

    // Check the world state root hash.
    final Hash expectedRootHash = spec.getExpectedRootHash();
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/VMReferenceTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/VMReferenceTest.java
@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright ConsenSys AG.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
- * an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
- * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- *
- * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
- */
-package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.vm;
-
-import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
-import static org.junit.Assume.assumeTrue;
-
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.chain.BadBlockManager;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.MutableWorldState;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.core.PrivacyParameters;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.MainnetProtocolSpecs;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.MutableProtocolSchedule;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.mainnet.ProtocolSpec;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.privacy.PrivateTransactionValidator;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.EnvironmentInformation;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.ReferenceTestBlockchain;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.referencetests.VMReferenceTestCaseSpec;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.worldstate.DefaultMutableWorldState;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.frame.MessageFrame;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.internal.EvmConfiguration;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.evm.tracing.OperationTracer;
-import org.hyperledger.besu.testutil.JsonTestParameters;
-
-import java.math.BigInteger;
-import java.util.ArrayDeque;
-import java.util.Collection;
-import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.OptionalInt;
-
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
-import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
-
-/** The VM operation testing framework entry point. */
-@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
-public class VMReferenceTest extends AbstractRetryingTest {
-
-  /** The path where all of the VM test configuration files live. */
-  private static final String[] TEST_CONFIG_FILE_DIR_PATHS = {
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmArithmeticTest",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmBitwiseLogicOperation",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmBlockInfoTest",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmEnvironmentalInfo",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmIOandFlowOperations",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmLogTest",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmPushDupSwapTest",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmRandomTest",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmSha3Test",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmTests",
-    "LegacyTests/Constantinople/VMTests/vmSystemOperations"
-  };
-
-  // The ignored test cases fall into two categories:
-  //
-  // 1. Incorrect Test Cases: The VMTests have known bugs with accessing
-  // non-existent accounts. This corresponds to test cases involving
-  // the BALANCE, EXTCODESIZE, EXTCODECOPY, and SELFDESTRUCT operations.
-  //
-  // 2. Test Cases for CALL, CALLCODE, and CALLCREATE: The VMTests do not
-  // fully test these operations and the mocking does not add much value.
-  // Additionally, the GeneralStateTests provide coverage of these
-  // operations so the proper functionality does get tested somewhere.
-  private static final String[] IGNORED_TESTS = {
-    "push32AndSuicide", "suicide", "suicide0", "suicideNotExistingAccount", "suicideSendEtherToMe",
-  };
-  private static final Optional<BigInteger> CHAIN_ID = Optional.of(BigInteger.ONE);
-
-  private final VMReferenceTestCaseSpec spec;
-
-  @Parameters(name = "Name: {0}")
-  public static Collection<Object[]> getTestParametersForConfig() {
-    return JsonTestParameters.create(VMReferenceTestCaseSpec.class)
-        .ignore(IGNORED_TESTS)
-        .generate(TEST_CONFIG_FILE_DIR_PATHS);
-  }
-
-  public VMReferenceTest(
-      final String name, final VMReferenceTestCaseSpec spec, final boolean runTest) {
-    this.spec = spec;
-    assumeTrue("Test " + name + " was ignored", runTest);
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  protected void runTest() {
-    final MutableWorldState worldState = new DefaultMutableWorldState(spec.getInitialWorldState());
-    final EnvironmentInformation execEnv = spec.getExec();
-
-    final ProtocolSpec protocolSpec =
-        MainnetProtocolSpecs.frontierDefinition(
-                OptionalInt.empty(), OptionalInt.empty(), false, EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT)
-            .privacyParameters(PrivacyParameters.DEFAULT)
-            .privateTransactionValidatorBuilder(() -> new PrivateTransactionValidator(CHAIN_ID))
-            .badBlocksManager(new BadBlockManager())
-            .build(new MutableProtocolSchedule(CHAIN_ID));
-
-    final ReferenceTestBlockchain blockchain =
-        new ReferenceTestBlockchain(execEnv.getBlockHeader().getNumber());
-    final MessageFrame frame =
-        MessageFrame.builder()
-            .type(MessageFrame.Type.MESSAGE_CALL)
-            .messageFrameStack(new ArrayDeque<>())
-            .worldUpdater(worldState.updater())
-            .initialGas(spec.getExec().getGas())
-            .contract(execEnv.getAccountAddress())
-            .address(execEnv.getAccountAddress())
-            .originator(execEnv.getOriginAddress())
-            .gasPrice(execEnv.getGasPrice())
-            .inputData(execEnv.getData())
-            .sender(execEnv.getCallerAddress())
-            .value(execEnv.getValue())
-            .apparentValue(execEnv.getValue())
-            .code(execEnv.getCode())
-            .blockValues(execEnv.getBlockHeader())
-            .depth(execEnv.getDepth())
-            .completer(c -> {})
-            .miningBeneficiary(execEnv.getBlockHeader().getCoinbase())
-            .blockHashLookup(new BlockHashLookup(execEnv.getBlockHeader(), blockchain))
-            .maxStackSize(MessageFrame.DEFAULT_MAX_STACK_SIZE)
-            .build();
-
-    // This is normally set inside the containing message executing the code.
-    frame.setState(MessageFrame.State.CODE_EXECUTING);
-
-    protocolSpec.getEvm().runToHalt(frame, OperationTracer.NO_TRACING);
-
-    if (spec.isExceptionHaltExpected()) {
-      assertThat(frame.getState() == MessageFrame.State.EXCEPTIONAL_HALT)
-          .withFailMessage("VM should have exceptionally halted")
-          .isTrue();
-    } else {
-      // This is normally performed when the message processor executing the VM
-      // executes to completion successfully.
-      frame.getWorldUpdater().commit();
-
-      assertThat(frame.getState() == MessageFrame.State.EXCEPTIONAL_HALT)
-          .withFailMessage(
-              "VM should not have exceptionally halted with " + frame.getExceptionalHaltReason())
-          .isFalse();
-      assertThat(frame.getOutputData())
-          .withFailMessage("VM output differs")
-          .isEqualTo(spec.getOut());
-      assertThat(worldState.rootHash())
-          .withFailMessage("Final world state differs")
-          .isEqualTo(spec.getFinalWorldState().rootHash());
-
-      final long actualGas = frame.getRemainingGas();
-      final long expectedGas = spec.getFinalGas();
-      final long difference =
-          (expectedGas > actualGas) ? expectedGas - actualGas : actualGas - expectedGas;
-      assertThat(actualGas)
-          .withFailMessage("Final gas does not match, with difference of %s", difference)
-          .isEqualTo(expectedGas);
-    }
-  }
-}
--- a/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/operations/CreateOperationTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/core/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/vm/operations/CreateOperationTest.java
@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ import java.util.List;

 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
 import org.apache.tuweni.units.bigints.UInt256;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.junit.Test;

 public class CreateOperationTest {
@ -74,39 +75,14 @@ public class CreateOperationTest {
  @Test
  public void createFromMemoryMutationSafe() {

-    // Given:  Execute a CREATE operatio with a contrat that logs in the constructor
+    // Given:  Execute a CREATE operation with a contract that logs in the constructor
    final UInt256 memoryOffset = UInt256.fromHexString("0xFF");
    final UInt256 memoryLength = UInt256.valueOf(SIMPLE_CREATE.size());
-    when(account.getMutable()).thenReturn(mutableAccount);
-    ArrayDeque<MessageFrame> messageFrameStack = new ArrayDeque<>();
-    MessageFrame messageFrame =
-        MessageFrame.builder()
-            .type(MessageFrame.Type.CONTRACT_CREATION)
-            .contract(Address.ZERO)
-            .inputData(Bytes.EMPTY)
-            .sender(Address.fromHexString(SENDER))
-            .value(Wei.ZERO)
-            .apparentValue(Wei.ZERO)
-            .code(Code.createLegacyCode(SIMPLE_CREATE, Hash.hash(SIMPLE_CREATE)))
-            .depth(1)
-            .completer(__ -> {})
-            .address(Address.fromHexString(SENDER))
-            .blockHashLookup(mock(BlockHashLookup.class))
-            .blockValues(mock(ProcessableBlockHeader.class))
-            .gasPrice(Wei.ZERO)
-            .messageFrameStack(messageFrameStack)
-            .miningBeneficiary(Address.ZERO)
-            .originator(Address.ZERO)
-            .initialGas(100000L)
-            .worldUpdater(worldUpdater)
-            .build();
-    messageFrame.pushStackItem(memoryLength);
-    messageFrame.pushStackItem(memoryOffset);
-    messageFrame.pushStackItem(UInt256.ZERO);
-    messageFrame.expandMemory(0, 500);
-    messageFrame.writeMemory(
-        memoryOffset.trimLeadingZeros().toInt(), SIMPLE_CREATE.size(), SIMPLE_CREATE);
+    final ArrayDeque<MessageFrame> messageFrameStack = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    final MessageFrame messageFrame =
+        testMemoryFrame(memoryOffset, memoryLength, UInt256.ZERO, 1, messageFrameStack);

+    when(account.getMutable()).thenReturn(mutableAccount);
    when(account.getNonce()).thenReturn(55L);
    when(mutableAccount.getBalance()).thenReturn(Wei.ZERO);
    when(worldUpdater.getAccount(any())).thenReturn(account);
@ -119,13 +95,13 @@ public class CreateOperationTest {

    final EVM evm = MainnetEVMs.london(EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT);
    operation.execute(messageFrame, evm);
-    MessageFrame createFrame = messageFrameStack.peek();
-    ContractCreationProcessor ccp =
+    final MessageFrame createFrame = messageFrameStack.peek();
+    final ContractCreationProcessor ccp =
        new ContractCreationProcessor(evm.getGasCalculator(), evm, false, List.of(), 0, List.of());
    ccp.process(createFrame, OperationTracer.NO_TRACING);

-    Log log = createFrame.getLogs().get(0);
-    String calculatedTopic = log.getTopics().get(0).toUnprefixedHexString();
+    final Log log = createFrame.getLogs().get(0);
+    final String calculatedTopic = log.getTopics().get(0).toUnprefixedHexString();
    assertThat(calculatedTopic).isEqualTo(TOPIC);

    // WHEN the memory that the create operation was executed from is altered.
@ -135,7 +111,104 @@ public class CreateOperationTest {
        Bytes.random(SIMPLE_CREATE.size()));

    // THEN the logs still have the expected topic
-    String calculatedTopicAfter = log.getTopics().get(0).toUnprefixedHexString();
+    final String calculatedTopicAfter = log.getTopics().get(0).toUnprefixedHexString();
    assertThat(calculatedTopicAfter).isEqualTo(TOPIC);
  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void nonceTooLarge() {
+    final UInt256 memoryOffset = UInt256.fromHexString("0xFF");
+    final UInt256 memoryLength = UInt256.valueOf(SIMPLE_CREATE.size());
+    final ArrayDeque<MessageFrame> messageFrameStack = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    final MessageFrame messageFrame =
+        testMemoryFrame(memoryOffset, memoryLength, UInt256.ZERO, 1, messageFrameStack);
+
+    when(worldUpdater.getAccount(any())).thenReturn(account);
+    when(account.getMutable()).thenReturn(mutableAccount);
+    when(mutableAccount.getBalance()).thenReturn(Wei.ZERO);
+    when(mutableAccount.getNonce()).thenReturn(-1L);
+
+    final EVM evm = MainnetEVMs.london(EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT);
+    operation.execute(messageFrame, evm);
+
+    assertThat(messageFrame.getStackItem(0)).isEqualTo(UInt256.ZERO);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void messageFrameStackTooDeep() {
+    final UInt256 memoryOffset = UInt256.fromHexString("0xFF");
+    final UInt256 memoryLength = UInt256.valueOf(SIMPLE_CREATE.size());
+    final ArrayDeque<MessageFrame> messageFrameStack = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    final MessageFrame messageFrame =
+        testMemoryFrame(memoryOffset, memoryLength, UInt256.ZERO, 1025, messageFrameStack);
+
+    when(worldUpdater.getAccount(any())).thenReturn(account);
+    when(account.getMutable()).thenReturn(mutableAccount);
+    when(mutableAccount.getBalance()).thenReturn(Wei.ZERO);
+    when(mutableAccount.getNonce()).thenReturn(55L);
+
+    final EVM evm = MainnetEVMs.london(EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT);
+    operation.execute(messageFrame, evm);
+
+    assertThat(messageFrame.getStackItem(0)).isEqualTo(UInt256.ZERO);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void notEnoughValue() {
+    final UInt256 memoryOffset = UInt256.fromHexString("0xFF");
+    final UInt256 memoryLength = UInt256.valueOf(SIMPLE_CREATE.size());
+    final ArrayDeque<MessageFrame> messageFrameStack = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    final MessageFrame messageFrame =
+        testMemoryFrame(memoryOffset, memoryLength, UInt256.valueOf(1), 1, messageFrameStack);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1025; i++) {
+      messageFrameStack.add(messageFrame);
+    }
+
+    when(worldUpdater.getAccount(any())).thenReturn(account);
+    when(account.getMutable()).thenReturn(mutableAccount);
+    when(mutableAccount.getBalance()).thenReturn(Wei.ZERO);
+    when(mutableAccount.getNonce()).thenReturn(55L);
+
+    final EVM evm = MainnetEVMs.london(EvmConfiguration.DEFAULT);
+    operation.execute(messageFrame, evm);
+
+    assertThat(messageFrame.getStackItem(0)).isEqualTo(UInt256.ZERO);
+  }
+
+  @NotNull
+  private MessageFrame testMemoryFrame(
+      final UInt256 memoryOffset,
+      final UInt256 memoryLength,
+      final UInt256 value,
+      final int depth,
+      final ArrayDeque<MessageFrame> messageFrameStack) {
+    final MessageFrame messageFrame =
+        MessageFrame.builder()
+            .type(MessageFrame.Type.CONTRACT_CREATION)
+            .contract(Address.ZERO)
+            .inputData(Bytes.EMPTY)
+            .sender(Address.fromHexString(SENDER))
+            .value(Wei.ZERO)
+            .apparentValue(Wei.ZERO)
+            .code(Code.createLegacyCode(SIMPLE_CREATE, Hash.hash(SIMPLE_CREATE)))
+            .depth(depth)
+            .completer(__ -> {})
+            .address(Address.fromHexString(SENDER))
+            .blockHashLookup(mock(BlockHashLookup.class))
+            .blockValues(mock(ProcessableBlockHeader.class))
+            .gasPrice(Wei.ZERO)
+            .messageFrameStack(messageFrameStack)
+            .miningBeneficiary(Address.ZERO)
+            .originator(Address.ZERO)
+            .initialGas(100000L)
+            .worldUpdater(worldUpdater)
+            .build();
+    messageFrame.pushStackItem(memoryLength);
+    messageFrame.pushStackItem(memoryOffset);
+    messageFrame.pushStackItem(value);
+    messageFrame.expandMemory(0, 500);
+    messageFrame.writeMemory(
+        memoryOffset.trimLeadingZeros().toInt(), SIMPLE_CREATE.size(), SIMPLE_CREATE);
+    return messageFrame;
+  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/StateTestSubCommand.java
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/StateTestSubCommand.java
@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.util.Log4j2ConfiguratorUtil;
 import java.io.BufferedReader;
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
@ -77,6 +79,8 @@ public class StateTestSubCommand implements Runnable {
  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(StateTestSubCommand.class);

  public static final String COMMAND_NAME = "state-test";
+  private final InputStream input;
+  private final PrintStream output;

  @SuppressWarnings({"FieldCanBeFinal", "FieldMayBeFinal"})
  @Option(
@ -84,7 +88,7 @@ public class StateTestSubCommand implements Runnable {
      description = "Force the state tests to run on a specific fork.")
  private String fork = null;

-  @ParentCommand private EvmToolCommand parentCommand;
+  @ParentCommand private final EvmToolCommand parentCommand;

  @SuppressWarnings("MismatchedQueryAndUpdateOfCollection") // picocli does it magically
  @Parameters
@ -92,10 +96,19 @@ public class StateTestSubCommand implements Runnable {

  private final ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();

-  public StateTestSubCommand() {}
+  public StateTestSubCommand() {
+    this(null, System.in, System.out);
+  }

  public StateTestSubCommand(final EvmToolCommand parentCommand) {
+    this(parentCommand, System.in, System.out);
+  }
+
+  StateTestSubCommand(
+      final EvmToolCommand parentCommand, final InputStream input, final PrintStream output) {
    this.parentCommand = parentCommand;
+    this.input = input;
+    this.output = output;
  }

  @Override
@ -110,7 +123,7 @@ public class StateTestSubCommand implements Runnable {
      if (stateTestFiles.isEmpty()) {
        // if no state tests were specified use standard input to get filenames
        final BufferedReader in =
-            new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+            new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
        while (true) {
          final String fileName = in.readLine();
          if (fileName == null) {
@ -124,10 +137,10 @@ public class StateTestSubCommand implements Runnable {
                  objectMapper.readValue(file, javaType);
              executeStateTest(generalStateTests);
            } catch (final JsonProcessingException jpe) {
-              System.out.println("File content error :" + jpe);
+              output.println("File content error: " + jpe);
            }
          } else {
-            System.out.println("File not found:" + fileName);
+            output.println("File not found: " + fileName);
          }
        }
      } else {
@ -160,7 +173,7 @@ public class StateTestSubCommand implements Runnable {

    final OperationTracer tracer = // You should have picked Mercy.
        parentCommand.showJsonResults
-            ? new StandardJsonTracer(System.out, !parentCommand.noMemory)
+            ? new StandardJsonTracer(output, !parentCommand.noMemory)
            : OperationTracer.NO_TRACING;

    for (final GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec spec : specs) {
@ -169,76 +182,95 @@ public class StateTestSubCommand implements Runnable {
      final WorldState initialWorldState = spec.getInitialWorldState();
      final Transaction transaction = spec.getTransaction();

-      final MutableWorldState worldState = new DefaultMutableWorldState(initialWorldState);
-      // Several of the GeneralStateTests check if the transaction could potentially
-      // consume more gas than is left for the block it's attempted to be included in.
-      // This check is performed within the `BlockImporter` rather than inside the
-      // `TransactionProcessor`, so these tests are skipped.
-      if (transaction.getGasLimit() > blockHeader.getGasLimit() - blockHeader.getGasUsed()) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      final String forkName = fork == null ? spec.getFork() : fork;
-      final ProtocolSchedule protocolSchedule = referenceTestProtocolSchedules.getByName(forkName);
-      if (protocolSchedule == null) {
-        throw new UnsupportedForkException(forkName);
-      }
+      final ObjectNode summaryLine = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+      if (transaction == null) {
+        // Check the world state root hash.
+        summaryLine.put("test", test);
+        summaryLine.put("fork", spec.getFork());
+        summaryLine.put("d", spec.getDataIndex());
+        summaryLine.put("g", spec.getGasIndex());
+        summaryLine.put("v", spec.getValueIndex());
+        summaryLine.put("pass", spec.getExpectException() != null);
+        summaryLine.put("validationError", "Transaction had out-of-bounds parameters");
+      } else {
+        final MutableWorldState worldState = new DefaultMutableWorldState(initialWorldState);
+        // Several of the GeneralStateTests check if the transaction could potentially
+        // consume more gas than is left for the block it's attempted to be included in.
+        // This check is performed within the `BlockImporter` rather than inside the
+        // `TransactionProcessor`, so these tests are skipped.
+        if (transaction.getGasLimit() > blockHeader.getGasLimit() - blockHeader.getGasUsed()) {
+          return;
+        }

-      final MainnetTransactionProcessor processor =
-          protocolSchedule.getByBlockNumber(0).getTransactionProcessor();
-      final WorldUpdater worldStateUpdater = worldState.updater();
-      final ReferenceTestBlockchain blockchain =
-          new ReferenceTestBlockchain(blockHeader.getNumber());
-      final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
-      final TransactionProcessingResult result =
-          processor.processTransaction(
-              blockchain,
-              worldStateUpdater,
-              blockHeader,
-              transaction,
-              blockHeader.getCoinbase(),
-              new BlockHashLookup(blockHeader, blockchain),
-              false,
-              TransactionValidationParams.processingBlock(),
-              tracer);
-      timer.stop();
-      if (shouldClearEmptyAccounts(spec.getFork())) {
-        final Account coinbase = worldStateUpdater.getOrCreate(spec.getBlockHeader().getCoinbase());
-        if (coinbase != null && coinbase.isEmpty()) {
-          worldStateUpdater.deleteAccount(coinbase.getAddress());
+        final String forkName = fork == null ? spec.getFork() : fork;
+        final ProtocolSchedule protocolSchedule =
+            referenceTestProtocolSchedules.getByName(forkName);
+        if (protocolSchedule == null) {
+          throw new UnsupportedForkException(forkName);
        }
-        final Account sender = worldStateUpdater.getAccount(transaction.getSender());
-        if (sender != null && sender.isEmpty()) {
-          worldStateUpdater.deleteAccount(sender.getAddress());
+
+        final MainnetTransactionProcessor processor =
+            protocolSchedule.getByBlockNumber(0).getTransactionProcessor();
+        final WorldUpdater worldStateUpdater = worldState.updater();
+        final ReferenceTestBlockchain blockchain =
+            new ReferenceTestBlockchain(blockHeader.getNumber());
+        final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+        final TransactionProcessingResult result =
+            processor.processTransaction(
+                blockchain,
+                worldStateUpdater,
+                blockHeader,
+                transaction,
+                blockHeader.getCoinbase(),
+                new BlockHashLookup(blockHeader, blockchain),
+                false,
+                TransactionValidationParams.processingBlock(),
+                tracer);
+        timer.stop();
+        if (shouldClearEmptyAccounts(spec.getFork())) {
+          final Account coinbase =
+              worldStateUpdater.getOrCreate(spec.getBlockHeader().getCoinbase());
+          if (coinbase != null && coinbase.isEmpty()) {
+            worldStateUpdater.deleteAccount(coinbase.getAddress());
+          }
+          final Account sender = worldStateUpdater.getAccount(transaction.getSender());
+          if (sender != null && sender.isEmpty()) {
+            worldStateUpdater.deleteAccount(sender.getAddress());
+          }
        }
-      }
-      worldStateUpdater.commit();
+        worldStateUpdater.commit();

-      final ObjectNode summaryLine = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
-      summaryLine.put("output", result.getOutput().toUnprefixedHexString());
-      UInt256 gasUsed = UInt256.valueOf(transaction.getGasLimit() - result.getGasRemaining());
-      summaryLine.put("gasUsed", StandardJsonTracer.shortNumber(gasUsed));
-      summaryLine.put("time", timer.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS));
-
-      // Check the world state root hash.
-      summaryLine.put("test", test);
-      summaryLine.put("fork", spec.getFork());
-      summaryLine.put("d", spec.getDataIndex());
-      summaryLine.put("g", spec.getGasIndex());
-      summaryLine.put("v", spec.getValueIndex());
-      summaryLine.put("postHash", worldState.rootHash().toHexString());
-      final List<Log> logs = result.getLogs();
-      final Hash actualLogsHash = Hash.hash(RLP.encode(out -> out.writeList(logs, Log::writeTo)));
-      summaryLine.put("postLogsHash", actualLogsHash.toHexString());
-      summaryLine.put(
-          "pass",
-          worldState.rootHash().equals(spec.getExpectedRootHash())
-              && actualLogsHash.equals(spec.getExpectedLogsHash()));
-      if (result.isInvalid()) {
-        summaryLine.put("validationError", result.getValidationResult().getErrorMessage());
+        summaryLine.put("output", result.getOutput().toUnprefixedHexString());
+        final UInt256 gasUsed =
+            UInt256.valueOf(transaction.getGasLimit() - result.getGasRemaining());
+        summaryLine.put("gasUsed", StandardJsonTracer.shortNumber(gasUsed));
+        summaryLine.put("time", timer.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS));
+
+        // Check the world state root hash.
+        summaryLine.put("test", test);
+        summaryLine.put("fork", spec.getFork());
+        summaryLine.put("d", spec.getDataIndex());
+        summaryLine.put("g", spec.getGasIndex());
+        summaryLine.put("v", spec.getValueIndex());
+        summaryLine.put("postHash", worldState.rootHash().toHexString());
+        final List<Log> logs = result.getLogs();
+        final Hash actualLogsHash = Hash.hash(RLP.encode(out -> out.writeList(logs, Log::writeTo)));
+        summaryLine.put("postLogsHash", actualLogsHash.toHexString());
+        summaryLine.put(
+            "pass",
+            spec.getExpectException() == null
+                && worldState.rootHash().equals(spec.getExpectedRootHash())
+                && actualLogsHash.equals(spec.getExpectedLogsHash()));
+        if (result.isInvalid()) {
+          summaryLine.put("validationError", result.getValidationResult().getErrorMessage());
+        } else if (spec.getExpectException() != null) {
+          summaryLine.put(
+              "validationError",
+              "Exception '" + spec.getExpectException() + "' was expected but did not occur");
+        }
      }

-      System.out.println(summaryLine);
+      output.println(summaryLine);
    }
  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/StateTestSubCommandTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/StateTestSubCommandTest.java
@ -14,10 +14,17 @@
 */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool;

+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
 import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;

 import org.hyperledger.besu.evmtool.exception.UnsupportedForkException;

+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+
 import org.junit.Test;
 import picocli.CommandLine;

@ -49,4 +56,71 @@ public class StateTestSubCommandTest {
    cmd.parseArgs(StateTestSubCommandTest.class.getResource("access-list.json").getPath());
    stateTestSubCommand.run();
  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void noJsonTracer() {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    var parentCommand = new EvmToolCommand();
+    CommandLine parentCmd = new CommandLine(parentCommand);
+    parentCmd.parseArgs("--json=false");
+    final StateTestSubCommand stateTestSubCommand =
+        new StateTestSubCommand(parentCommand, System.in, new PrintStream(baos));
+    final CommandLine cmd = new CommandLine(stateTestSubCommand);
+    cmd.parseArgs(StateTestSubCommandTest.class.getResource("access-list.json").getPath());
+    stateTestSubCommand.run();
+    assertThat(baos.toString(UTF_8)).doesNotContain("\"pc\"");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testsInvalidTransactions() {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final ByteArrayInputStream bais =
+        new ByteArrayInputStream(
+            StateTestSubCommandTest.class
+                .getResource("HighGasPrice.json")
+                .getPath()
+                .getBytes(UTF_8));
+    final StateTestSubCommand stateTestSubCommand =
+        new StateTestSubCommand(new EvmToolCommand(), bais, new PrintStream(baos));
+    stateTestSubCommand.run();
+    assertThat(baos.toString(UTF_8)).contains("Transaction had out-of-bounds parameters");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldStreamTests() throws IOException {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final ByteArrayInputStream bais =
+        new ByteArrayInputStream(
+            StateTestSubCommandTest.class
+                .getResource("access-list.json")
+                .getPath()
+                .getBytes(UTF_8));
+    final StateTestSubCommand stateTestSubCommand =
+        new StateTestSubCommand(new EvmToolCommand(), bais, new PrintStream(baos));
+    stateTestSubCommand.run();
+    assertThat(baos.toString(UTF_8)).contains("\"pass\":true");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void failStreamMissingFile() throws IOException {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final ByteArrayInputStream bais =
+        new ByteArrayInputStream("./file-dose-not-exist.json".getBytes(UTF_8));
+    final StateTestSubCommand stateTestSubCommand =
+        new StateTestSubCommand(new EvmToolCommand(), bais, new PrintStream(baos));
+    stateTestSubCommand.run();
+    assertThat(baos.toString(UTF_8)).contains("File not found: ./file-dose-not-exist.json");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void failStreamBadFile() throws IOException {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final ByteArrayInputStream bais =
+        new ByteArrayInputStream(
+            StateTestSubCommandTest.class.getResource("bogus-test.json").getPath().getBytes(UTF_8));
+    final StateTestSubCommand stateTestSubCommand =
+        new StateTestSubCommand(new EvmToolCommand(), bais, new PrintStream(baos));
+    stateTestSubCommand.run();
+    assertThat(baos.toString(UTF_8)).contains("File content error: ");
+  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/HighGasPrice.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/HighGasPrice.json
@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+{
+    "HighGasPrice" : {
+        "_info" : {
+            "comment" : "",
+            "filling-rpc-server" : "evm version 1.10.16-unstable-0f893109-20220105",
+            "filling-tool-version" : "retesteth-0.2.2-testinfo+commit.01c6aac2.Linux.g++",
+            "generatedTestHash" : "399ed11fc62af31e9c3dc126828160c15b9c2422373ef7f68a628017a9693a63",
+            "lllcversion" : "Version: 0.5.14-develop.2021.11.27+commit.401d5358.Linux.g++",
+            "solidity" : "Version: 0.8.5+commit.a4f2e591.Linux.g++",
+            "source" : "src/GeneralStateTestsFiller/stTransactionTest/HighGasPriceFiller.yml",
+            "sourceHash" : "b3c0dfeeca0bb9616669d0bdd0996e24c71febd2579d14e9ec42914e9f096a44"
+        },
+        "env" : {
+            "currentBaseFee" : "0x0a",
+            "currentCoinbase" : "0x2adc25665018aa1fe0e6bc666dac8fc2697ff9ba",
+            "currentDifficulty" : "0x020000",
+            "currentGasLimit" : "0x05500000",
+            "currentNumber" : "0x01",
+            "currentTimestamp" : "0x03e8",
+            "previousHash" : "0x5e20a0453cecd065ea59c37ac63e079ee08998b6045136a8ce6635c7912ec0b6"
+        },
+        "post" : {
+            "Berlin" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "Byzantium" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "Constantinople" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "ConstantinopleFix" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "EIP150" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "EIP158" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "Frontier" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "Homestead" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "Istanbul" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ],
+            "London" : [
+                {
+                    "expectException" : "TR_NoFunds",
+                    "hash" : "0x1751725d1aad5298768fbcf64069b2c1b85aeaffcc561146067d6beedd08052a",
+                    "indexes" : {
+                        "data" : 0,
+                        "gas" : 0,
+                        "value" : 0
+                    },
+                    "logs" : "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
+                    "txbytes" : "0xf87e809f031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c82520894d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d001801ca039b081ab7094dff1b3ac79cbf8e381adc9f7a4e16290d7abc42dd006e5e062c5a033af00e26e5eb4431dcad601b2c8bf12d51eef2bd037d14681f22692ffab1ccd"
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        "pre" : {
+            "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b" : {
+                "balance" : "0x3b9aca00",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "0x00",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            },
+            "0xd0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0" : {
+                "balance" : "0x00",
+                "code" : "0x",
+                "nonce" : "0x00",
+                "storage" : {
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        "transaction" : {
+            "data" : [
+                "0x"
+            ],
+            "gasLimit" : [
+                "0x5208"
+            ],
+            "gasPrice" : "0x031eea408f8e1799cb883da2927b1336521d73c2c14accfebb70d5c5af006c",
+            "nonce" : "0x00",
+            "secretKey" : "0x45a915e4d060149eb4365960e6a7a45f334393093061116b197e3240065ff2d8",
+            "sender" : "0xa94f5374fce5edbc8e2a8697c15331677e6ebf0b",
+            "to" : "0xd0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0",
+            "value" : [
+                "0x01"
+            ]
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/bogus-test.json
+++ b/ethereum/evmtool/src/test/resources/org/hyperledger/besu/evmtool/bogus-test.json
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "this-file-is": bogus!
+}
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/build.gradle
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/build.gradle
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ task ('validateReferenceTestSubmodule') {
  description = "Checks that the reference tests submodule is not accidentally changed"
  doLast {
    def result = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
-    def expectedHash = '1587f40e7f606140822307d47e88c8d09acc907a'
+    def expectedHash = 'a380655e5ffab1a5ea0f4d860224bdb19013f06a'
    def submodulePath = java.nio.file.Path.of("${rootProject.projectDir}", "ethereum/referencetests/src/test/resources").toAbsolutePath()
    try {
      exec {
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec.java
@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ public class GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec {
  private final int dataIndex;
  private final int gasIndex;
  private final int valueIndex;
+  private final String expectException;

  GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec(
      final String fork,
@ -59,7 +60,8 @@ public class GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec {
      final BlockHeader blockHeader,
      final int dataIndex,
      final int gasIndex,
-      final int valueIndex) {
+      final int valueIndex,
+      final String expectException) {
    this.fork = fork;
    this.transactionSupplier = transactionSupplier;
    this.initialWorldState = initialWorldState;
@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ public class GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec {
    this.dataIndex = dataIndex;
    this.gasIndex = gasIndex;
    this.valueIndex = valueIndex;
+    this.expectException = expectException;
  }

  public String getFork() {
@ -88,7 +91,15 @@ public class GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec {
  }

  public Transaction getTransaction() {
-    return transactionSupplier.get();
+    try {
+      return transactionSupplier.get();
+    } catch (RuntimeException re) {
+      // some tests specify invalid transactions.  We throw exceptions in
+      // GeneralStateTests but they are encoded in BlockchainTests, so we
+      // can skip them as invalid (since the point of the tests is to reject
+      // invalid transactions).
+      return null;
+    }
  }

  public BlockHeader getBlockHeader() {
@ -106,4 +117,8 @@ public class GeneralStateTestCaseEipSpec {
  public int getValueIndex() {
    return valueIndex;
  }
+
+  public String getExpectException() {
+    return expectException;
+  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/GeneralStateTestCaseSpec.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/GeneralStateTestCaseSpec.java
@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ public class GeneralStateTestCaseSpec {
                safeHeader,
                p.indexes.data,
                p.indexes.gas,
-                p.indexes.value));
+                p.indexes.value,
+                p.expectException));
      }
      res.put(eip, specs);
    }
@ -142,16 +143,19 @@ public class GeneralStateTestCaseSpec {
    private final Hash rootHash;
    @Nullable private final Hash logsHash;
    private final Indexes indexes;
+    private final String expectException;

    @JsonCreator
    public PostSection(
+        @JsonProperty("expectException") final String expectException,
        @JsonProperty("hash") final String hash,
-        @JsonProperty("logs") final String logs,
        @JsonProperty("indexes") final Indexes indexes,
+        @JsonProperty("logs") final String logs,
        @JsonProperty("txbytes") final String txbytes) {
      this.rootHash = Hash.fromHexString(hash);
      this.logsHash = Optional.ofNullable(logs).map(Hash::fromHexString).orElse(null);
      this.indexes = indexes;
+      this.expectException = expectException;
    }
  }
 }
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestWorldState.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/ReferenceTestWorldState.java
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public class ReferenceTestWorldState extends DefaultMutableWorldState {
        @JsonProperty("balance") final String balance,
        @JsonProperty("storage") final Map<String, String> storage,
        @JsonProperty("code") final String code) {
-      this.nonce = Long.decode(nonce);
+      this.nonce = Long.parseUnsignedLong(nonce.startsWith("0x") ? nonce.substring(2) : nonce, 16);
      this.balance = Wei.fromHexString(balance);
      this.code = Bytes.fromHexString(code);
      this.storage = parseStorage(storage);
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/StateTestVersionedTransaction.java
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/referencetests/StateTestVersionedTransaction.java
@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonProperty;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.annotation.JsonDeserialize;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes;
 import org.apache.tuweni.bytes.Bytes32;
+import org.apache.tuweni.units.bigints.UInt256;

 /**
 * Represents the "transaction" part of the JSON of a general state tests.
@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ public class StateTestVersionedTransaction {
        signatureAlgorithm.createKeyPair(
            signatureAlgorithm.createPrivateKey(Bytes32.fromHexString(secretKey)));

-    this.gasLimits = parseArray(gasLimit, Long::decode);
+    this.gasLimits = parseArray(gasLimit, s -> UInt256.fromHexString(s).toLong());
    this.values = parseArray(value, Wei::fromHexString);
    this.payloads = parseArray(data, Bytes::fromHexString);
    this.maybeAccessLists = Optional.ofNullable(maybeAccessLists);
@ -120,20 +121,27 @@ public class StateTestVersionedTransaction {
  private static <T> List<T> parseArray(final String[] array, final Function<String, T> parseFct) {
    final List<T> res = new ArrayList<>(array.length);
    for (final String str : array) {
-      res.add(parseFct.apply(str));
+      try {
+        res.add(parseFct.apply(str));
+      } catch (RuntimeException re) {
+        // the reference tests may be testing a boundary violation
+        res.add(null);
+      }
    }
    return res;
  }

  public Transaction get(final GeneralStateTestCaseSpec.Indexes indexes) {
+    Long gasLimit = gasLimits.get(indexes.gas);
+    Wei value = values.get(indexes.value);
+    Bytes data = payloads.get(indexes.data);
+    if (value == null || gasLimit == null) {
+      // this means one of the params is an out-of-bounds value. Don't generate the transaction.
+      return null;
+    }

    final Transaction.Builder transactionBuilder =
-        Transaction.builder()
-            .nonce(nonce)
-            .gasLimit(gasLimits.get(indexes.gas))
-            .to(to)
-            .value(values.get(indexes.value))
-            .payload(payloads.get(indexes.data));
+        Transaction.builder().nonce(nonce).gasLimit(gasLimit).to(to).value(value).payload(data);

    Optional.ofNullable(gasPrice).ifPresent(transactionBuilder::gasPrice);
    Optional.ofNullable(maxFeePerGas).ifPresent(transactionBuilder::maxFeePerGas);
--- a/ethereum/referencetests/src/test/resources
+++ b/ethereum/referencetests/src/test/resources
@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 1587f40e7f606140822307d47e88c8d09acc907a
+Subproject commit a380655e5ffab1a5ea0f4d860224bdb19013f06a
--- a/ethereum/retesteth/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/retesteth/RetestethService.java
+++ b/ethereum/retesteth/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/retesteth/RetestethService.java
@ -80,9 +80,7 @@ public class RetestethService {
            new EthGetBlockByHash(retestethContext::getBlockchainQueries, blockResult, true),
            new EthGetCode(retestethContext::getBlockchainQueries, Optional.empty()),
            new EthGetTransactionCount(
-                retestethContext::getBlockchainQueries,
-                retestethContext::getPendingTransactions,
-                false),
+                retestethContext::getBlockchainQueries, retestethContext::getPendingTransactions),
            new DebugStorageRangeAt(
                retestethContext::getBlockchainQueries, retestethContext::getBlockReplay, true),
            new TestModifyTimestamp(retestethContext),
--- a/ethereum/rlp/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/AbstractRLPInput.java
+++ b/ethereum/rlp/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/AbstractRLPInput.java
@ -288,16 +288,18 @@ abstract class AbstractRLPInput implements RLPInput {
  @Override
  public long readLongScalar() {
    checkScalar("long scalar", 8);
+    long res = readGenericLongScalar();
+    setTo(nextItem());
+    return res;
+  }
+
+  private long readGenericLongScalar() {
    long res = 0;
    int shift = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < currentPayloadSize; i++) {
      res |= ((long) payloadByte(currentPayloadSize - i - 1) & 0xFF) << shift;
      shift += 8;
    }
-    if (res < 0) {
-      error("long scalar %s is not non-negative", res);
-    }
-    setTo(nextItem());
    return res;
  }

--- a/ethereum/rlp/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPInput.java
+++ b/ethereum/rlp/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPInput.java
@ -136,7 +136,8 @@ public interface RLPInput {
  void leaveListLenient();

  /**
-   * Reads a non-negative scalar from the input and return is as a long value.
+   * Reads a non-negative scalar from the input and return it as a long value which is interpreted
+   * as an unsigned long.
   *
   * @return The next scalar item of this input as a long value.
   * @throws RLPException if the next item to read is a list, the input is at the end of its current
--- a/ethereum/rlp/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPOutput.java
+++ b/ethereum/rlp/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/RLPOutput.java
@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 */
 package org.hyperledger.besu.ethereum.rlp;

-import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
-
 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
@ -104,10 +102,8 @@ public interface RLPOutput {
   * Writes a scalar (encoded with no leading zeroes).
   *
   * @param v The scalar to write.
-   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code v < 0}.
   */
  default void writeLongScalar(final long v) {
-    checkArgument(v >= 0, "Invalid negative value %s for scalar encoding", v);
    writeBytes(Bytes.minimalBytes(v));
  }

@ -115,17 +111,15 @@ public interface RLPOutput {
   * Writes a scalar (encoded with no leading zeroes).
   *
   * @param v The scalar to write.
-   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code v} is a negative integer ({@code v.signum() < 0}).
   */
  default void writeBigIntegerScalar(final BigInteger v) {
-    checkArgument(v.signum() >= 0, "Invalid negative integer %s for scalar encoding", v);
    if (v.equals(BigInteger.ZERO)) {
      writeBytes(Bytes.EMPTY);
      return;
    }

    final byte[] bytes = v.toByteArray();
-    // BigInteger will not include leading zeros by contract, but it always include at least one
+    // BigInteger will not include leading zeros by contract, but it always includes at least one
    // bit of sign (a zero here since it's positive). What that mean is that if the first 1 of the
    // resulting number is exactly on a byte boundary, then the sign bit constraint will make the
    // value include one extra byte, which will be zero. In other words, they can be one zero bytes
--- a/ethereum/rlp/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/BytesValueRLPInputTest.java
+++ b/ethereum/rlp/src/test/java/org/hyperledger/besu/ethereum/rlp/BytesValueRLPInputTest.java
@ -161,15 +161,6 @@ public class BytesValueRLPInputTest {
    assertLongScalar(1024L, h("0x820400"));
  }

-  @Test
-  public void longScalar_NegativeLong() {
-    Bytes bytes = h("0x88FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF");
-    final RLPInput in = RLP.input(bytes);
-    assertThatThrownBy(in::readLongScalar)
-        .isInstanceOf(RLPException.class)
-        .hasMessageStartingWith("long scalar -1 is not non-negative");
-  }
-
  private void assertLongScalar(final long expected, final Bytes toTest) {
    final RLPInput in = RLP.input(toTest);
    assertThat(in.isDone()).isFalse();
--- a/evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/account/Account.java
+++ b/evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/account/Account.java
@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import org.hyperledger.besu.datatypes.Wei;
 public interface Account extends AccountState {

  long DEFAULT_NONCE = 0L;
+  long MAX_NONCE = -1; // per twos compliment rules -1 will be the unsigned max number
  Wei DEFAULT_BALANCE = Wei.ZERO;

  /**
--- a/evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/account/MutableAccount.java
+++ b/evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/account/MutableAccount.java
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public interface MutableAccount extends Account {
   */
  default Wei incrementBalance(final Wei value) {
    final Wei current = getBalance();
-    setBalance(current.add(value));
+    setBalance(current.addExact(value));
    return current;
  }

--- a/evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/operation/AbstractCreateOperation.java
+++ b/evm/src/main/java/org/hyperledger/besu/evm/operation/AbstractCreateOperation.java
@ -70,7 +70,9 @@ public abstract class AbstractCreateOperation extends AbstractOperation {

    frame.clearReturnData();

-    if (value.compareTo(account.getBalance()) > 0 || frame.getMessageStackDepth() >= 1024) {
+    if (value.compareTo(account.getBalance()) > 0
+        || frame.getMessageStackDepth() >= 1024
+        || account.getNonce() == -1) {
      fail(frame);
    } else {
      spawnChildMessage(frame, evm);
--- a/gradle/versions.gradle
+++ b/gradle/versions.gradle
@ -159,6 +159,10 @@ dependencyManagement {

    dependency 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter:5.8.2'
    dependency 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.8.2'
+    dependency 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-params:5.8.2'
+
+    dependency 'org.junit.platform:junit-platform-runner:1.8.2'
+
    dependency 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine:5.8.2'

    dependency 'org.mockito:mockito-core:4.4.0'