diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 688b721f9..2a7b3434c 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
     "build": "yarn workspaces foreach --parallel --topological run build",
     "postinstall": "husky install",
     "prettier": "yarn workspaces foreach --parallel run prettier",
-    "lint-ts": "eslint . --ext .ts"
+    "lint-ts": "eslint . --ext .ts",
+    "test": "yarn workspaces foreach --parallel --topological run test"
   },
   "workspaces": [
     "solidity/*",
diff --git a/solidity/app/contracts/Router.sol b/solidity/app/contracts/Router.sol
index 2accf0c2e..9a2a2e470 100644
--- a/solidity/app/contracts/Router.sol
+++ b/solidity/app/contracts/Router.sol
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ abstract contract Router is AbacusConnectionClient, IMessageRecipient {
 
     /**
      * @notice Dispatches a message to an enrolled router via the local router's Outbox.
-     * @notice Does not pay interchain gas or create a checkpoint.
+     * @notice Does not pay interchain gas.
      * @dev Reverts if there is no enrolled router for _destinationDomain.
      * @param _destinationDomain The domain of the chain to which to send the message.
      * @param _msg The message to dispatch.
@@ -130,28 +130,9 @@ abstract contract Router is AbacusConnectionClient, IMessageRecipient {
         return _dispatch(_outbox(), _destinationDomain, _msg);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @notice Dispatches a message to an enrolled router via the local router's Outbox
-     * and creates a checkpoint.
-     * @dev Does not pay interchain gas.
-     * @dev Reverts if there is no enrolled router for _destinationDomain.
-     * @param _destinationDomain The domain of the chain to which to send the message.
-     * @param _msg The message to dispatch.
-     */
-    function _dispatchAndCheckpoint(
-        uint32 _destinationDomain,
-        bytes memory _msg
-    ) internal {
-        // Gets the outbox once to avoid multiple storage reads and calls.
-        IOutbox _outbox = _outbox();
-        _dispatch(_outbox, _destinationDomain, _msg);
-        _outbox.checkpoint();
-    }
-
     /**
      * @notice Dispatches a message to an enrolled router via the local router's Outbox
      * and pays interchain gas for the dispatched message.
-     * @dev Does not create a checkpoint on the Outbox.
      * @dev Reverts if there is no enrolled router for _destinationDomain.
      * @param _destinationDomain The domain of the chain to which to send the message.
      * @param _msg The message to dispatch.
@@ -165,58 +146,23 @@ abstract contract Router is AbacusConnectionClient, IMessageRecipient {
     ) internal {
         // Gets the abacusConnectionManager from storage once to avoid multiple reads.
         IAbacusConnectionManager _abacusConnectionManager = abacusConnectionManager;
-        _dispatchWithGas(
+        uint256 _leafIndex = _dispatch(
             _abacusConnectionManager.outbox(),
-            _abacusConnectionManager.interchainGasPaymaster(),
-            _destinationDomain,
-            _msg,
-            _gasPayment
-        );
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @notice Dispatches a message to an enrolled router via the local router's Outbox,
-     * pays interchain gas for the dispatched message, and creates a checkpoint.
-     * @dev Reverts if there is no enrolled router for _destinationDomain.
-     * @param _destinationDomain The domain of the chain to which to send the message.
-     * @param _msg The message to dispatch.
-     * @param _gasPayment The amount of native tokens to pay the Interchain Gas
-     * Paymaster to process the dispatched message.
-     */
-    function _dispatchWithGasAndCheckpoint(
-        uint32 _destinationDomain,
-        bytes memory _msg,
-        uint256 _gasPayment
-    ) internal {
-        // Gets the abacusConnectionManager and outbox once to avoid multiple storage reads
-        // and calls.
-        IAbacusConnectionManager _abacusConnectionManager = abacusConnectionManager;
-        IOutbox _outbox = _abacusConnectionManager.outbox();
-        _dispatchWithGas(
-            _outbox,
-            _abacusConnectionManager.interchainGasPaymaster(),
             _destinationDomain,
-            _msg,
-            _gasPayment
+            _msg
         );
-        _outbox.checkpoint();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @notice Creates a checkpoint on the local router's Outbox.
-     * @dev If dispatching a single message and immediately checkpointing,
-     * `_dispatchAndCheckpoint` or `_dispatchWithGasAndCheckpoint` should be preferred,
-     * as they will consume less gas than calling `_dispatch` and this function.
-     */
-    function _checkpoint() internal {
-        _outbox().checkpoint();
+        if (_gasPayment > 0) {
+            _abacusConnectionManager.interchainGasPaymaster().payGasFor{
+                value: _gasPayment
+            }(_leafIndex);
+        }
     }
 
     // ============ Private functions ============
 
     /**
      * @notice Dispatches a message to an enrolled router via the provided Outbox.
-     * @dev Does not pay interchain gas or create a checkpoint.
+     * @dev Does not pay interchain gas.
      * @dev Reverts if there is no enrolled router for _destinationDomain.
      * @param _outbox The outbox contract to dispatch the message through.
      * @param _destinationDomain The domain of the chain to which to send the message.
@@ -231,27 +177,4 @@ abstract contract Router is AbacusConnectionClient, IMessageRecipient {
         bytes32 _router = _mustHaveRemoteRouter(_destinationDomain);
         return _outbox.dispatch(_destinationDomain, _router, _msg);
     }
-
-    /**
-     * @notice Dispatches a message to an enrolled router via the provided Outbox
-     * and pays interchain gas for the dispatched message via the provided InterchainGasPaymaster.
-     * @dev Does not create a checkpoint.
-     * @dev Reverts if there is no enrolled router for _destinationDomain.
-     * @param _outbox The outbox contract to dispatch the message through.
-     * @param _interchainGasPaymaster The InterchainGasPaymaster contract to pay for interchain gas.
-     * @param _destinationDomain The domain of the chain to which to send the message.
-     * @param _msg The message to dispatch.
-     */
-    function _dispatchWithGas(
-        IOutbox _outbox,
-        IInterchainGasPaymaster _interchainGasPaymaster,
-        uint32 _destinationDomain,
-        bytes memory _msg,
-        uint256 _gasPayment
-    ) private {
-        uint256 _leafIndex = _dispatch(_outbox, _destinationDomain, _msg);
-        if (_gasPayment > 0) {
-            _interchainGasPaymaster.payGasFor{value: _gasPayment}(_leafIndex);
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/app/contracts/test/TestRouter.sol b/solidity/app/contracts/test/TestRouter.sol
index 2239a5dae..b20d5f05e 100644
--- a/solidity/app/contracts/test/TestRouter.sol
+++ b/solidity/app/contracts/test/TestRouter.sol
@@ -41,22 +41,4 @@ contract TestRouter is Router {
     ) external payable {
         _dispatchWithGas(_destination, _msg, _gasPayment);
     }
-
-    function dispatchAndCheckpoint(uint32 _destination, bytes memory _msg)
-        external
-    {
-        _dispatchAndCheckpoint(_destination, _msg);
-    }
-
-    function dispatchWithGasAndCheckpoint(
-        uint32 _destination,
-        bytes memory _msg,
-        uint256 _gasPayment
-    ) external payable {
-        _dispatchWithGasAndCheckpoint(_destination, _msg, _gasPayment);
-    }
-
-    function checkpoint() external {
-        _checkpoint();
-    }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/app/test/router.test.ts b/solidity/app/test/router.test.ts
index 832f91cf0..a9ddcd6ed 100644
--- a/solidity/app/test/router.test.ts
+++ b/solidity/app/test/router.test.ts
@@ -126,7 +126,6 @@ describe('Router', async () => {
         destinationDomain: number,
         interchainGasPayment?: number,
       ) => Promise<ContractTransaction>,
-      expectCheckpoint: boolean,
       expectGasPayment: boolean,
     ) => {
       // Allows a Chai Assertion to be programmatically negated
@@ -155,16 +154,6 @@ describe('Router', async () => {
           .withArgs(leafIndex, testInterchainGasPayment);
       });
 
-      it(`${
-        expectCheckpoint ? 'creates' : 'does not create'
-      } a checkpoint`, async () => {
-        const assertion = expectAssertion(
-          expect(dispatchFunction(destination)).to,
-          expectCheckpoint,
-        );
-        await assertion.emit(outbox, 'Checkpoint');
-      });
-
       it('reverts when dispatching a message to an unenrolled remote router', async () => {
         await expect(
           dispatchFunction(destinationWithoutRouter),
@@ -176,16 +165,6 @@ describe('Router', async () => {
       runDispatchFunctionTests(
         (destinationDomain) => router.dispatch(destinationDomain, '0x'),
         false,
-        false,
-      );
-    });
-
-    describe('#dispatchAndCheckpoint', () => {
-      runDispatchFunctionTests(
-        (destinationDomain) =>
-          router.dispatchAndCheckpoint(destinationDomain, '0x'),
-        true,
-        false,
       );
     });
 
@@ -200,35 +179,8 @@ describe('Router', async () => {
               value: interchainGasPayment,
             },
           ),
-        false,
         true,
       );
     });
-
-    describe('#dispatchWithGasAndCheckpoint', () => {
-      runDispatchFunctionTests(
-        (destinationDomain, interchainGasPayment = 0) =>
-          router.dispatchWithGasAndCheckpoint(
-            destinationDomain,
-            '0x',
-            interchainGasPayment,
-            { value: interchainGasPayment },
-          ),
-        true,
-        true,
-      );
-    });
-  });
-
-  describe('#checkpoint', () => {
-    it('creates a checkpoint', async () => {
-      // dispatch dummy message
-      await outbox.dispatch(
-        destination,
-        utils.addressToBytes32(outbox.address),
-        '0x',
-      );
-      await expect(router.checkpoint()).to.emit(outbox, 'Checkpoint');
-    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/Common.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/Common.sol
index 7a7fdbee4..c044ad8ee 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/Common.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/Common.sol
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ abstract contract Common is ICommon, OwnableUpgradeable {
 
     // ============ Public Variables ============
 
-    // Checkpoints of root => leaf index
-    // Checkpoints of index 0 have to be disallowed as the existence of such
-    // a checkpoint cannot be distinguished from their non-existence
-    mapping(bytes32 => uint256) public checkpoints;
-    // The latest checkpointed root
-    bytes32 public checkpointedRoot;
+    // Cached checkpoints, mapping root => leaf index.
+    // Cached checkpoints must have index > 0 as the presence of such
+    // a checkpoint cannot be distinguished from its absence.
+    mapping(bytes32 => uint256) public cachedCheckpoints;
+    // The latest cached root
+    bytes32 public latestCachedRoot;
     // Address of the validator manager contract.
     address public validatorManager;
 
@@ -37,12 +37,11 @@ abstract contract Common is ICommon, OwnableUpgradeable {
     // ============ Events ============
 
     /**
-     * @notice Emitted when a root is checkpointed on Outbox or a signed
-     * checkpoint is relayed to a Inbox.
+     * @notice Emitted when a checkpoint is cached.
      * @param root Merkle root
      * @param index Leaf index
      */
-    event Checkpoint(bytes32 indexed root, uint256 indexed index);
+    event CheckpointCached(bytes32 indexed root, uint256 indexed index);
 
     /**
      * @notice Emitted when the validator manager contract is changed
@@ -91,18 +90,18 @@ abstract contract Common is ICommon, OwnableUpgradeable {
     }
 
     /**
-     * @notice Returns the latest checkpoint for the Validators to sign.
-     * @return root Latest checkpointed root
-     * @return index Latest checkpointed index
+     * @notice Returns the latest entry in the checkpoint cache.
+     * @return root Latest cached root
+     * @return index Latest cached index
      */
-    function latestCheckpoint()
+    function latestCachedCheckpoint()
         external
         view
         override
         returns (bytes32 root, uint256 index)
     {
-        root = checkpointedRoot;
-        index = checkpoints[root];
+        root = latestCachedRoot;
+        index = cachedCheckpoints[root];
     }
 
     // ============ Internal Functions ============
@@ -121,13 +120,15 @@ abstract contract Common is ICommon, OwnableUpgradeable {
     }
 
     /**
-     * @notice Store the provided checkpoint.
-     * @param _root The merkle root
+     * @notice Caches the provided checkpoint.
+     * Caching checkpoints with index == 0 are disallowed.
+     * @param _root The merkle root to cache.
      * @param _index The leaf index of the latest message in the merkle tree.
      */
-    function _checkpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index) internal {
-        checkpoints[_root] = _index;
-        checkpointedRoot = _root;
-        emit Checkpoint(_root, _index);
+    function _cacheCheckpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index) internal {
+        require(_index > 0, "!index");
+        cachedCheckpoints[_root] = _index;
+        latestCachedRoot = _root;
+        emit CheckpointCached(_root, _index);
     }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/Inbox.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/Inbox.sol
index a9b77591d..32e52b4c9 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/Inbox.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/Inbox.sol
@@ -51,9 +51,17 @@ contract Inbox is IInbox, Version0, Common {
 
     /**
      * @notice Emitted when message is processed
-     * @param messageHash Hash of message that failed to process
+     * @dev This event allows watchers to observe the merkle proof they need
+     * to prove fraud on the Outbox.
+     * @param messageHash Hash of message that was processed.
+     * @param leafIndex The leaf index of the message that was processed.
+     * @param proof A merkle proof of inclusion of `messageHash` at `leafIndex`.
      */
-    event Process(bytes32 indexed messageHash);
+    event Process(
+        bytes32 indexed messageHash,
+        uint256 indexed leafIndex,
+        bytes32[32] proof
+    );
 
     // ============ Constructor ============
 
@@ -62,36 +70,33 @@ contract Inbox is IInbox, Version0, Common {
 
     // ============ Initializer ============
 
-    function initialize(
-        uint32 _remoteDomain,
-        address _validatorManager,
-        bytes32 _checkpointedRoot,
-        uint256 _checkpointedIndex
-    ) public initializer {
+    function initialize(uint32 _remoteDomain, address _validatorManager)
+        public
+        initializer
+    {
         __Common_initialize(_validatorManager);
         entered = 1;
         remoteDomain = _remoteDomain;
-        _checkpoint(_checkpointedRoot, _checkpointedIndex);
     }
 
     // ============ External Functions ============
 
     /**
-     * @notice Checkpoints the provided root and index.
+     * @notice Caches the provided merkle root and index.
      * @dev Called by the validator manager, which is responsible for verifying a
      * quorum of validator signatures on the checkpoint.
-     * @dev Reverts if checkpoints's index is not greater than our latest index.
+     * @dev Reverts if the checkpoint's index is not greater than the index of the latest checkpoint in the cache.
      * @param _root Checkpoint's merkle root.
      * @param _index Checkpoint's index.
      */
-    function checkpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index)
+    function cacheCheckpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index)
         external
         override
         onlyValidatorManager
     {
-        // Ensure that the checkpoint is more recent than the latest we've seen.
-        require(_index > checkpoints[checkpointedRoot], "old checkpoint");
-        _checkpoint(_root, _index);
+        // Ensure that the checkpoint is newer than the latest we've cached.
+        require(_index > cachedCheckpoints[latestCachedRoot], "!newer");
+        _cacheCheckpoint(_root, _index);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -126,9 +131,10 @@ contract Inbox is IInbox, Version0, Common {
             _proof,
             _index
         );
-        // ensure that the root has been checkpointed
-        require(checkpoints[_calculatedRoot] > 0, "!checkpointed root");
+        // ensure that the root has been cached
+        require(cachedCheckpoints[_calculatedRoot] >= _index, "!cache");
         _process(_message, _messageHash);
+        emit Process(_messageHash, _index, _proof);
         // reset re-entrancy guard
         entered = 1;
     }
@@ -161,7 +167,5 @@ contract Inbox is IInbox, Version0, Common {
             sender,
             body
         );
-        // emit process results
-        emit Process(_messageHash);
     }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/Merkle.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/MerkleTreeManager.sol
similarity index 80%
rename from solidity/core/contracts/Merkle.sol
rename to solidity/core/contracts/MerkleTreeManager.sol
index c1bce6ca7..f0a31f420 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/Merkle.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/MerkleTreeManager.sol
@@ -29,11 +29,4 @@ contract MerkleTreeManager {
     function root() public view returns (bytes32) {
         return tree.root();
     }
-
-    /**
-     * @notice Returns the number of inserted leaves in the tree (current index)
-     */
-    function count() public view returns (uint256) {
-        return tree.count;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/Outbox.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/Outbox.sol
index fb267db12..e75a78665 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/Outbox.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/Outbox.sol
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {Common} from "./Common.sol";
 import {MerkleLib} from "../libs/Merkle.sol";
 import {Message} from "../libs/Message.sol";
 import {TypeCasts} from "../libs/TypeCasts.sol";
-import {MerkleTreeManager} from "./Merkle.sol";
+import {MerkleTreeManager} from "./MerkleTreeManager.sol";
 import {IOutbox} from "../interfaces/IOutbox.sol";
 
 /**
@@ -133,18 +133,12 @@ contract Outbox is IOutbox, Version0, MerkleTreeManager, Common {
     }
 
     /**
-     * @notice Checkpoints the latest root and index.
-     * Validators are expected to sign this checkpoint so that it can be
-     * relayed to the Inbox contracts. Checkpoints for a single message (i.e.
-     * count = 1) are disallowed since they make checkpoint tracking more
-     * difficult.
+     * @notice Caches the current merkle root and index.
      * @dev emits Checkpoint event
      */
-    function checkpoint() external override notFailed {
-        uint256 count = count();
-        require(count > 1, "!count");
-        bytes32 root = root();
-        _checkpoint(root, count - 1);
+    function cacheCheckpoint() external override notFailed {
+        (bytes32 root, uint256 index) = latestCheckpoint();
+        _cacheCheckpoint(root, index);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -158,37 +152,18 @@ contract Outbox is IOutbox, Version0, MerkleTreeManager, Common {
     }
 
     /**
-     * @notice Returns whether the provided root and index are a known
-     * checkpoint.
-     * @param _root The merkle root.
-     * @param _index The index.
-     * @return TRUE iff `_root` and `_index` are a known checkpoint.
+     * @notice Returns the number of inserted leaves in the tree
      */
-    function isCheckpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index)
-        external
-        view
-        override
-        returns (bool)
-    {
-        // Checkpoints are zero-indexed, but checkpoints of index 0 are disallowed
-        return _index > 0 && checkpoints[_root] == _index;
+    function count() public view returns (uint256) {
+        return tree.count;
     }
 
-    // ============ Internal Functions  ============
-
     /**
-     * @notice Internal utility function that combines
-     * `_destination` and `_nonce`.
-     * @dev Both destination and nonce should be less than 2^32 - 1
-     * @param _destination Domain of destination chain
-     * @param _nonce Current nonce for given destination chain
-     * @return Returns (`_destination` << 32) & `_nonce`
+     * @notice Returns a checkpoint representing the current merkle tree.
+     * @return root The root of the Outbox's merkle tree.
+     * @return index The index of the last element in the tree.
      */
-    function _destinationAndNonce(uint32 _destination, uint32 _nonce)
-        internal
-        pure
-        returns (uint64)
-    {
-        return (uint64(_destination) << 32) | _nonce;
+    function latestCheckpoint() public view returns (bytes32, uint256) {
+        return (root(), count() - 1);
     }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestCommon.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestCommon.sol
index d52a3888b..cb2d65492 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestCommon.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestCommon.sol
@@ -9,4 +9,8 @@ contract TestCommon is Common {
     function initialize(address _validatorManager) external initializer {
         __Common_initialize(_validatorManager);
     }
+
+    function cacheCheckpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index) external {
+        _cacheCheckpoint(_root, _index);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestInbox.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestInbox.sol
index dead5db28..950716f44 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestInbox.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestInbox.sol
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ contract TestInbox is Inbox {
 
     constructor(uint32 _localDomain) Inbox(_localDomain) {} // solhint-disable-line no-empty-blocks
 
-    function setCheckpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index) external {
-        checkpoints[_root] = _index;
+    function setCachedCheckpoint(bytes32 _root, uint256 _index) external {
+        cachedCheckpoints[_root] = _index;
     }
 
     function testBranchRoot(
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestMerkle.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestMerkle.sol
index e50c99768..e3c87e64d 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestMerkle.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestMerkle.sol
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
 pragma solidity >=0.8.0;
 
-import "../Merkle.sol";
+import "../MerkleTreeManager.sol";
 
 contract TestMerkle is MerkleTreeManager {
     using MerkleLib for MerkleLib.Tree;
@@ -20,4 +20,11 @@ contract TestMerkle is MerkleTreeManager {
     ) external pure returns (bytes32 _node) {
         return MerkleLib.branchRoot(_leaf, _proof, _index);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Returns the number of inserted leaves in the tree
+     */
+    function count() public view returns (uint256) {
+        return tree.count;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestOutbox.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestOutbox.sol
index 0c7cc1ac9..457321b5d 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestOutbox.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestOutbox.sol
@@ -3,18 +3,11 @@ pragma solidity >=0.8.0;
 
 // ============ Internal Imports ============
 import "../Outbox.sol";
+import {MerkleLib} from "../../libs/Merkle.sol";
 
 contract TestOutbox is Outbox {
     constructor(uint32 _localDomain) Outbox(_localDomain) {} // solhint-disable-line no-empty-blocks
 
-    function destinationAndNonce(uint32 _destination, uint32 _nonce)
-        external
-        pure
-        returns (uint64)
-    {
-        return _destinationAndNonce(_destination, _nonce);
-    }
-
     /**
      * @notice Set the validator manager
      * @param _validatorManager Address of the validator manager
@@ -22,4 +15,32 @@ contract TestOutbox is Outbox {
     function testSetValidatorManager(address _validatorManager) external {
         validatorManager = _validatorManager;
     }
+
+    function proof() external view returns (bytes32[32] memory) {
+        bytes32[32] memory _zeroes = MerkleLib.zeroHashes();
+        uint256 _index = tree.count - 1;
+        bytes32[32] memory _proof;
+
+        for (uint256 i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            uint256 _ithBit = (_index >> i) & 0x01;
+            if (_ithBit == 1) {
+                _proof[i] = tree.branch[i];
+            } else {
+                _proof[i] = _zeroes[i];
+            }
+        }
+        return _proof;
+    }
+
+    function branch() external view returns (bytes32[32] memory) {
+        return tree.branch;
+    }
+
+    function branchRoot(
+        bytes32 _item,
+        bytes32[32] memory _branch,
+        uint256 _index
+    ) external pure returns (bytes32) {
+        return MerkleLib.branchRoot(_item, _branch, _index);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestValidatorManager.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestValidatorManager.sol
index a32b12b71..8810173ac 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestValidatorManager.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/test/TestValidatorManager.sol
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ import {IInbox} from "../../interfaces/IInbox.sol";
  * to be a contract.
  */
 contract TestValidatorManager {
-    function checkpoint(
+    function cacheCheckpoint(
         IInbox _inbox,
         bytes32 _root,
         uint256 _index
     ) external {
-        _inbox.checkpoint(_root, _index);
+        _inbox.cacheCheckpoint(_root, _index);
     }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/InboxValidatorManager.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/InboxValidatorManager.sol
index 270063714..672d2d8d4 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/InboxValidatorManager.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/InboxValidatorManager.sol
@@ -12,6 +12,18 @@ import {MultisigValidatorManager} from "./MultisigValidatorManager.sol";
  * them to an Inbox.
  */
 contract InboxValidatorManager is MultisigValidatorManager {
+    // ============ Events ============
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Emitted when a checkpoint has been signed by a quorum
+     * of validators and cached on an Inbox.
+     * @dev This event allows watchers to observe the signatures they need
+     * to prove fraud on the Outbox.
+     * @param signatures The signatures by a quorum of validators on the
+     * checkpoint.
+     */
+    event Quorum(bytes[] signatures);
+
     // ============ Constructor ============
 
     /**
@@ -31,7 +43,7 @@ contract InboxValidatorManager is MultisigValidatorManager {
     // ============ External Functions ============
 
     /**
-     * @notice Submits a checkpoint signed by a quorum of validators to an Inbox.
+     * @notice Submits a checkpoint signed by a quorum of validators to be cached by an Inbox.
      * @dev Reverts if `_signatures` is not a quorum of validator signatures.
      * @dev Reverts if `_signatures` is not sorted in ascending order by the signer
      * address, which is required for duplicate detection.
@@ -41,13 +53,14 @@ contract InboxValidatorManager is MultisigValidatorManager {
      * @param _signatures Signatures over the checkpoint to be checked for a validator
      * quorum. Must be sorted in ascending order by signer address.
      */
-    function checkpoint(
+    function cacheCheckpoint(
         IInbox _inbox,
         bytes32 _root,
         uint256 _index,
         bytes[] calldata _signatures
     ) external {
         require(isQuorum(_root, _index, _signatures), "!quorum");
-        _inbox.checkpoint(_root, _index);
+        emit Quorum(_signatures);
+        _inbox.cacheCheckpoint(_root, _index);
     }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/OutboxValidatorManager.sol b/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/OutboxValidatorManager.sol
index a4068a59b..12db8166e 100644
--- a/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/OutboxValidatorManager.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/contracts/validator-manager/OutboxValidatorManager.sol
@@ -4,30 +4,59 @@ pragma abicoder v2;
 
 // ============ Internal Imports ============
 import {IOutbox} from "../../interfaces/IOutbox.sol";
+import {MerkleLib} from "../../libs/Merkle.sol";
 import {MultisigValidatorManager} from "./MultisigValidatorManager.sol";
 
 /**
  * @title OutboxValidatorManager
- * @notice Verifies if an improper checkpoint has been signed by a quorum of
+ * @notice Verifies if an premature or fraudulent checkpoint has been signed by a quorum of
  * validators and reports it to an Outbox.
  */
 contract OutboxValidatorManager is MultisigValidatorManager {
     // ============ Events ============
 
     /**
-     * @notice Emitted when proof of an improper checkpoint is submitted.
+     * @notice Emitted when a checkpoint is proven premature.
      * @dev Observers of this event should filter by the outbox address.
      * @param outbox The outbox.
-     * @param root Root of the improper checkpoint.
-     * @param index Index of the improper checkpoint.
-     * @param signatures A quorum of signatures on the improper checkpoint.
+     * @param signedRoot Root of the premature checkpoint.
+     * @param signedIndex Index of the premature checkpoint.
+     * @param signatures A quorum of signatures on the premature checkpoint.
      * May include non-validator signatures.
+     * @param count The number of messages in the Outbox.
      */
-    event ImproperCheckpoint(
+    event PrematureCheckpoint(
         address indexed outbox,
-        bytes32 root,
-        uint256 index,
-        bytes[] signatures
+        bytes32 signedRoot,
+        uint256 signedIndex,
+        bytes[] signatures,
+        uint256 count
+    );
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Emitted when a checkpoint is proven fraudulent.
+     * @dev Observers of this event should filter by the outbox address.
+     * @param outbox The outbox.
+     * @param signedRoot Root of the fraudulent checkpoint.
+     * @param signedIndex Index of the fraudulent checkpoint.
+     * @param signatures A quorum of signatures on the fraudulent checkpoint.
+     * May include non-validator signatures.
+     * @param fraudulentLeaf The leaf in the fraudulent tree.
+     * @param fraudulentProof Proof of inclusion of fraudulentLeaf.
+     * @param actualLeaf The leaf in the Outbox's tree.
+     * @param actualProof Proof of inclusion of actualLeaf.
+     * @param leafIndex The index of the leaves that are being proved.
+     */
+    event FraudulentCheckpoint(
+        address indexed outbox,
+        bytes32 signedRoot,
+        uint256 signedIndex,
+        bytes[] signatures,
+        bytes32 fraudulentLeaf,
+        bytes32[32] fraudulentProof,
+        bytes32 actualLeaf,
+        bytes32[32] actualProof,
+        uint256 leafIndex
     );
 
     // ============ Constructor ============
@@ -49,25 +78,168 @@ contract OutboxValidatorManager is MultisigValidatorManager {
     // ============ External Functions ============
 
     /**
-     * @notice Determines if a quorum of validators have signed an improper checkpoint,
+     * @notice Determines if a quorum of validators have signed a premature checkpoint,
      * failing the Outbox if so.
-     * @dev Improper checkpoints signed by individual validators are not handled to prevent
+     * A checkpoint is premature if it commits to more messages than are present in the
+     * Outbox's merkle tree.
+     * @dev Premature checkpoints signed by individual validators are not handled to prevent
      * a single byzantine validator from failing the Outbox.
      * @param _outbox The outbox.
-     * @param _root The merkle root of the checkpoint.
-     * @param _index The index of the checkpoint.
+     * @param _signedRoot The root of the signed checkpoint.
+     * @param _signedIndex The index of the signed checkpoint.
      * @param _signatures Signatures over the checkpoint to be checked for a validator
      * quorum. Must be sorted in ascending order by signer address.
+     * @return True iff prematurity was proved.
      */
-    function improperCheckpoint(
+    function prematureCheckpoint(
         IOutbox _outbox,
-        bytes32 _root,
-        uint256 _index,
+        bytes32 _signedRoot,
+        uint256 _signedIndex,
         bytes[] calldata _signatures
-    ) external {
-        require(isQuorum(_root, _index, _signatures), "!quorum");
-        require(!_outbox.isCheckpoint(_root, _index), "!improper checkpoint");
+    ) external returns (bool) {
+        require(isQuorum(_signedRoot, _signedIndex, _signatures), "!quorum");
+        // Checkpoints are premature if the checkpoint commits to more messages
+        // than the Outbox has in its merkle tree.
+        uint256 count = _outbox.count();
+        require(_signedIndex >= count, "!premature");
+        _outbox.fail();
+        emit PrematureCheckpoint(
+            address(_outbox),
+            _signedRoot,
+            _signedIndex,
+            _signatures,
+            count
+        );
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Determines if a quorum of validators have signed a fraudulent checkpoint,
+     * failing the Outbox if so.
+     * A checkpoint is fraudulent if the leaf it commits to at index I differs
+     * from the leaf the Outbox committed to at index I, where I is less than or equal
+     * to the index of the checkpoint.
+     * This difference can be proved by comparing two merkle proofs for leaf
+     * index J >= I. One against the fraudulent checkpoint, and one against a
+     * checkpoint cached on the Outbox.
+     * @dev Fraudulent checkpoints signed by individual validators are not handled to prevent
+     * a single byzantine validator from failing the Outbox.
+     * @param _outbox The outbox.
+     * @param _signedRoot The root of the signed checkpoint.
+     * @param _signedIndex The index of the signed checkpoint.
+     * @param _signatures Signatures over the checkpoint to be checked for a validator
+     * quorum. Must be sorted in ascending order by signer address.
+     * @param _fraudulentLeaf The leaf in the fraudulent tree.
+     * @param _fraudulentProof Proof of inclusion of `_fraudulentLeaf`.
+     * @param _actualLeaf The leaf in the Outbox's tree.
+     * @param _actualProof Proof of inclusion of `_actualLeaf`.
+     * @param _leafIndex The index of the leaves that are being proved.
+     * @return True iff fraud was proved.
+     */
+    function fraudulentCheckpoint(
+        IOutbox _outbox,
+        bytes32 _signedRoot,
+        uint256 _signedIndex,
+        bytes[] calldata _signatures,
+        bytes32 _fraudulentLeaf,
+        bytes32[32] calldata _fraudulentProof,
+        bytes32 _actualLeaf,
+        bytes32[32] calldata _actualProof,
+        uint256 _leafIndex
+    ) external returns (bool) {
+        // Check the signed checkpoint commits to _fraudulentLeaf at _leafIndex.
+        require(isQuorum(_signedRoot, _signedIndex, _signatures), "!quorum");
+        bytes32 _fraudulentRoot = MerkleLib.branchRoot(
+            _fraudulentLeaf,
+            _fraudulentProof,
+            _leafIndex
+        );
+        require(_fraudulentRoot == _signedRoot, "!root");
+        require(_signedIndex >= _leafIndex, "!index");
+
+        // Check the cached checkpoint commits to _actualLeaf at _leafIndex.
+        bytes32 _cachedRoot = MerkleLib.branchRoot(
+            _actualLeaf,
+            _actualProof,
+            _leafIndex
+        );
+        uint256 _cachedIndex = _outbox.cachedCheckpoints(_cachedRoot);
+        require(_cachedIndex > 0 && _cachedIndex >= _leafIndex, "!cache");
+
+        // Check that the two roots commit to at least one differing leaf
+        // with index <= _leafIndex.
+        require(
+            impliesDifferingLeaf(
+                _fraudulentLeaf,
+                _fraudulentProof,
+                _actualLeaf,
+                _actualProof,
+                _leafIndex
+            ),
+            "!fraud"
+        );
+
+        // Fail the Outbox.
         _outbox.fail();
-        emit ImproperCheckpoint(address(_outbox), _root, _index, _signatures);
+        emit FraudulentCheckpoint(
+            address(_outbox),
+            _signedRoot,
+            _signedIndex,
+            _signatures,
+            _fraudulentLeaf,
+            _fraudulentProof,
+            _actualLeaf,
+            _actualProof,
+            _leafIndex
+        );
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @notice Returns true if the implied merkle roots commit to at least one
+     * differing leaf with index <= `_leafIndex`.
+     * Given a merkle proof for leaf index J, we can determine whether an
+     * element in the proof is an internal node whose terminal children are leaves
+     * with index <= J.
+     * Given two merkle proofs for leaf index J, if such elements do not match,
+     * these two proofs necessarily commit to at least one differing leaf with
+     * index I <= J.
+     * @param _leafA The leaf in tree A.
+     * @param _proofA Proof of inclusion of `_leafA` in tree A.
+     * @param _leafB The leaf in tree B.
+     * @param _proofB Proof of inclusion of `_leafB` in tree B.
+     * @param _leafIndex The index of `_leafA` and `_leafB`.
+     * @return differ True if the implied trees differ, false if not.
+     */
+    function impliesDifferingLeaf(
+        bytes32 _leafA,
+        bytes32[32] calldata _proofA,
+        bytes32 _leafB,
+        bytes32[32] calldata _proofB,
+        uint256 _leafIndex
+    ) public pure returns (bool) {
+        // The implied merkle roots commit to at least one differing leaf
+        // with index <= _leafIndex, if either:
+
+        // 1. If the provided leaves differ.
+        if (_leafA != _leafB) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // 2. If the branches contain internal nodes whose subtrees are full
+        // (as implied by _leafIndex) that differ from one another.
+        for (uint8 i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+            uint256 _ithBit = (_leafIndex >> i) & 0x01;
+            // If the i'th is 1, the i'th element in the proof is an internal
+            // node whose subtree is full.
+            // If these nodes differ, at least one leaf that they commit to
+            // must differ as well.
+            if (_ithBit == 1) {
+                if (_proofA[i] != _proofB[i]) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/interfaces/ICommon.sol b/solidity/core/interfaces/ICommon.sol
index f2840ccc9..fb9db357a 100644
--- a/solidity/core/interfaces/ICommon.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/interfaces/ICommon.sol
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ pragma solidity >=0.6.11;
 
 interface ICommon {
     function localDomain() external view returns (uint32);
-
-    function latestCheckpoint()
+    function cachedCheckpoints(bytes32) external view returns (uint256);
+    function latestCachedCheckpoint()
         external
         view
         returns (bytes32 root, uint256 index);
diff --git a/solidity/core/interfaces/IInbox.sol b/solidity/core/interfaces/IInbox.sol
index 6193caa12..b85a3b1da 100644
--- a/solidity/core/interfaces/IInbox.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/interfaces/IInbox.sol
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pragma solidity >=0.6.11;
 import {ICommon} from "./ICommon.sol";
 
 interface IInbox is ICommon {
-    function checkpoint(
+    function cacheCheckpoint(
         bytes32 _root,
         uint256 _index
     ) external;
diff --git a/solidity/core/interfaces/IOutbox.sol b/solidity/core/interfaces/IOutbox.sol
index 73ec618bb..a69ebb626 100644
--- a/solidity/core/interfaces/IOutbox.sol
+++ b/solidity/core/interfaces/IOutbox.sol
@@ -9,13 +9,8 @@ interface IOutbox is ICommon {
         bytes32 _recipientAddress,
         bytes calldata _messageBody
     ) external returns (uint256);
-
-    function checkpoint() external;
-
-    function isCheckpoint(
-        bytes32 _root,
-        uint256 _index
-    ) external returns (bool);
-
+    function cacheCheckpoint() external;
+    function latestCheckpoint() external view returns (bytes32, uint256);
+    function count() external returns (uint256);
     function fail() external;
 }
diff --git a/solidity/core/test/abacusConnectionManager.test.ts b/solidity/core/test/abacusConnectionManager.test.ts
index bcd4a7f6e..0ea0e4e58 100644
--- a/solidity/core/test/abacusConnectionManager.test.ts
+++ b/solidity/core/test/abacusConnectionManager.test.ts
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import {
   AbacusConnectionManager__factory,
   InterchainGasPaymaster,
   InterchainGasPaymaster__factory,
+  Outbox,
+  Outbox__factory,
   TestInbox,
   TestInbox__factory,
-  TestOutbox,
-  TestOutbox__factory,
 } from '../types';
 
 const ONLY_OWNER_REVERT_MSG = 'Ownable: caller is not the owner';
@@ -29,19 +29,14 @@ describe('AbacusConnectionManager', async () => {
   });
 
   beforeEach(async () => {
-    const outboxFactory = new TestOutbox__factory(signer);
+    const outboxFactory = new Outbox__factory(signer);
     const outbox = await outboxFactory.deploy(localDomain);
 
     const inboxFactory = new TestInbox__factory(signer);
     enrolledInbox = await inboxFactory.deploy(localDomain);
     // The ValidatorManager is unused in these tests *but* needs to be a
     // contract.
-    await enrolledInbox.initialize(
-      remoteDomain,
-      outbox.address,
-      ethers.constants.HashZero,
-      0,
-    );
+    await enrolledInbox.initialize(remoteDomain, outbox.address);
 
     const connectionManagerFactory = new AbacusConnectionManager__factory(
       signer,
@@ -63,10 +58,10 @@ describe('AbacusConnectionManager', async () => {
       signer?: SignerWithAddress,
     ) => Promise<ContractTransaction>,
   ) => {
-    let newOutbox: TestOutbox;
+    let newOutbox: Outbox;
 
     beforeEach(async () => {
-      const outboxFactory = new TestOutbox__factory(signer);
+      const outboxFactory = new Outbox__factory(signer);
       newOutbox = await outboxFactory.deploy(localDomain);
     });
 
diff --git a/solidity/core/test/common.test.ts b/solidity/core/test/common.test.ts
index 8bf8e0881..4cc9d1655 100644
--- a/solidity/core/test/common.test.ts
+++ b/solidity/core/test/common.test.ts
@@ -43,4 +43,25 @@ describe('Common', async () => {
       common.connect(nonowner).setValidatorManager(common.address),
     ).to.be.revertedWith(ONLY_OWNER_REVERT_MSG);
   });
+
+  it('Caches a checkpoint', async () => {
+    const root =
+      '0x9c7a007113f829cfd019a91e4ca5e7f6760589fd6bc7925c877f6971ffee1647';
+    const index = 1;
+    await common.cacheCheckpoint(root, index);
+    expect(await common.latestCachedRoot()).to.equal(root);
+    expect(await common.cachedCheckpoints(root)).to.equal(index);
+    const [actualRoot, actualIndex] = await common.latestCachedCheckpoint();
+    expect(actualRoot).to.equal(root);
+    expect(actualIndex).to.equal(index);
+  });
+
+  it('Reverts when caching a checkpoint with index zero', async () => {
+    const root =
+      '0x9c7a007113f829cfd019a91e4ca5e7f6760589fd6bc7925c877f6971ffee1647';
+    const index = 0;
+    await expect(common.cacheCheckpoint(root, index)).to.be.revertedWith(
+      '!index',
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/solidity/core/test/inbox.test.ts b/solidity/core/test/inbox.test.ts
index e8c756cb7..de44564f3 100644
--- a/solidity/core/test/inbox.test.ts
+++ b/solidity/core/test/inbox.test.ts
@@ -52,30 +52,20 @@ describe('Inbox', async () => {
   beforeEach(async () => {
     const inboxFactory = new TestInbox__factory(signer);
     inbox = await inboxFactory.deploy(localDomain);
-    await inbox.initialize(
-      remoteDomain,
-      validatorManager.address,
-      ethers.constants.HashZero,
-      0,
-    );
+    await inbox.initialize(remoteDomain, validatorManager.address);
   });
 
   it('Cannot be initialized twice', async () => {
     await expect(
-      inbox.initialize(
-        remoteDomain,
-        validatorManager.address,
-        ethers.constants.HashZero,
-        0,
-      ),
+      inbox.initialize(remoteDomain, validatorManager.address),
     ).to.be.revertedWith('Initializable: contract is already initialized');
   });
 
-  it('Accepts checkpoint from validator manager', async () => {
+  it('Caches checkpoint from validator manager', async () => {
     const root = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String('first new root');
     const index = 1;
-    await validatorManager.checkpoint(inbox.address, root, index);
-    const [croot, cindex] = await inbox.latestCheckpoint();
+    await validatorManager.cacheCheckpoint(inbox.address, root, index);
+    const [croot, cindex] = await inbox.latestCachedCheckpoint();
     expect(croot).to.equal(root);
     expect(cindex).to.equal(index);
   });
@@ -83,7 +73,7 @@ describe('Inbox', async () => {
   it('Rejects checkpoint from non-validator manager', async () => {
     const root = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String('first new root');
     const index = 1;
-    await expect(inbox.checkpoint(root, index)).to.be.revertedWith(
+    await expect(inbox.cacheCheckpoint(root, index)).to.be.revertedWith(
       '!validatorManager',
     );
   });
@@ -91,16 +81,16 @@ describe('Inbox', async () => {
   it('Rejects old checkpoint from validator manager', async () => {
     let root = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String('first new root');
     let index = 10;
-    await validatorManager.checkpoint(inbox.address, root, index);
-    const [croot, cindex] = await inbox.latestCheckpoint();
+    await validatorManager.cacheCheckpoint(inbox.address, root, index);
+    const [croot, cindex] = await inbox.latestCachedCheckpoint();
     expect(croot).to.equal(root);
     expect(cindex).to.equal(index);
 
     root = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String('second new root');
     index = 9;
     await expect(
-      validatorManager.checkpoint(inbox.address, root, index),
-    ).to.be.revertedWith('old checkpoint');
+      validatorManager.cacheCheckpoint(inbox.address, root, index),
+    ).to.be.revertedWith('!newer');
   });
 
   it('Processes a valid message', async () => {
@@ -110,7 +100,7 @@ describe('Inbox', async () => {
     await recipient.deployTransaction.wait();
 
     const { index, proof, root, message } = messageWithProof;
-    await inbox.setCheckpoint(root, 1);
+    await inbox.setCachedCheckpoint(root, 1);
 
     await inbox.process(message, proof, index, '0x');
     const hash = utils.messageHash(message, index);
@@ -120,7 +110,7 @@ describe('Inbox', async () => {
   it('Rejects an already-processed message', async () => {
     const { leaf, index, proof, root, message } = messageWithProof;
 
-    await inbox.setCheckpoint(root, 1);
+    await inbox.setCachedCheckpoint(root, 1);
     // Set message status as MessageStatus.Processed
     await inbox.setMessageStatus(leaf, MessageStatus.PROCESSED);
 
@@ -140,11 +130,11 @@ describe('Inbox', async () => {
     newProof[0] = proof[1];
     newProof[1] = proof[0];
 
-    await inbox.setCheckpoint(root, 1);
+    await inbox.setCachedCheckpoint(root, 1);
 
     expect(
       inbox.process(message, newProof as types.BytesArray, index, '0x'),
-    ).to.be.revertedWith('!checkpointed root');
+    ).to.be.revertedWith('!cache');
     expect(await inbox.messages(leaf)).to.equal(types.MessageStatus.NONE);
   });
 
@@ -274,7 +264,7 @@ describe('Inbox', async () => {
       path as types.BytesArray,
       index,
     );
-    await inbox.setCheckpoint(proofRoot, 1);
+    await inbox.setCachedCheckpoint(proofRoot, 1);
 
     await inbox.process(abacusMessage, path as types.BytesArray, index, '0x');
 
diff --git a/solidity/core/test/outbox.test.ts b/solidity/core/test/outbox.test.ts
index e1f1361c7..7d04c5c20 100644
--- a/solidity/core/test/outbox.test.ts
+++ b/solidity/core/test/outbox.test.ts
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import { types, utils } from '@abacus-network/utils';
 
 import { TestOutbox, TestOutbox__factory } from '../types';
 
-const destinationNonceTestCases = require('../../../vectors/destinationNonce.json');
-
 const localDomain = 1000;
 const destDomain = 2000;
 
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ describe('Outbox', async () => {
     });
   });
 
-  it('Checkpoints the latest root', async () => {
+  it('Caches a checkpoint', async () => {
     const message = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String('message');
     const count = 2;
     for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
@@ -133,32 +131,19 @@ describe('Outbox', async () => {
         message,
       );
     }
-    await outbox.checkpoint();
-    const [root, index] = await outbox.latestCheckpoint();
+    await outbox.cacheCheckpoint();
+    const root = await outbox.latestCachedRoot();
     expect(root).to.not.equal(ethers.constants.HashZero);
-    expect(index).to.equal(count - 1);
-
-    expect(await outbox.isCheckpoint(root, index)).to.be.true;
+    expect(await outbox.cachedCheckpoints(root)).to.equal(count - 1);
   });
 
-  it('does not allow a checkpoint of index 0', async () => {
+  it('does not allow caching a checkpoint with index 0', async () => {
     const message = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String('message');
     await outbox.dispatch(
       destDomain,
       utils.addressToBytes32(recipient.address),
       message,
     );
-    await expect(outbox.checkpoint()).to.be.revertedWith('!count');
-  });
-
-  it('Correctly calculates destinationAndNonce', async () => {
-    for (const testCase of destinationNonceTestCases) {
-      const { destination, nonce, expectedDestinationAndNonce } = testCase;
-      const solidityDestinationAndNonce = await outbox.destinationAndNonce(
-        destination,
-        nonce,
-      );
-      expect(solidityDestinationAndNonce).to.equal(expectedDestinationAndNonce);
-    }
+    await expect(outbox.cacheCheckpoint()).to.be.revertedWith('!index');
   });
 });
diff --git a/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/inboxValidatorManager.test.ts b/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/inboxValidatorManager.test.ts
index b7f9815d6..2ac65a610 100644
--- a/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/inboxValidatorManager.test.ts
+++ b/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/inboxValidatorManager.test.ts
@@ -41,12 +41,7 @@ describe('InboxValidatorManager', () => {
 
     const inboxFactory = new Inbox__factory(signer);
     inbox = await inboxFactory.deploy(INBOX_DOMAIN);
-    await inbox.initialize(
-      OUTBOX_DOMAIN,
-      validatorManager.address,
-      ethers.constants.HashZero,
-      0,
-    );
+    await inbox.initialize(OUTBOX_DOMAIN, validatorManager.address);
   });
 
   describe('#checkpoint', () => {
@@ -60,9 +55,14 @@ describe('InboxValidatorManager', () => {
         [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers, making a quorum
       );
 
-      await validatorManager.checkpoint(inbox.address, root, index, signatures);
+      await validatorManager.cacheCheckpoint(
+        inbox.address,
+        root,
+        index,
+        signatures,
+      );
 
-      expect(await inbox.checkpoints(root)).to.equal(index);
+      expect(await inbox.cachedCheckpoints(root)).to.equal(index);
     });
 
     it('reverts if there is not a quorum', async () => {
@@ -73,7 +73,12 @@ describe('InboxValidatorManager', () => {
       );
 
       await expect(
-        validatorManager.checkpoint(inbox.address, root, index, signatures),
+        validatorManager.cacheCheckpoint(
+          inbox.address,
+          root,
+          index,
+          signatures,
+        ),
       ).to.be.revertedWith('!quorum');
     });
   });
diff --git a/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/outboxValidatorManager.test.ts b/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/outboxValidatorManager.test.ts
index a8a1c1a65..279ab4697 100644
--- a/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/outboxValidatorManager.test.ts
+++ b/solidity/core/test/validator-manager/outboxValidatorManager.test.ts
@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@ import { expect } from 'chai';
 import { ethers } from 'hardhat';
 
 import { Validator, types, utils } from '@abacus-network/utils';
+import { BytesArray } from '@abacus-network/utils/dist/src/types';
 
 import {
-  Outbox,
   OutboxValidatorManager,
   OutboxValidatorManager__factory,
-  Outbox__factory,
+  TestOutbox,
+  TestOutbox__factory,
 } from '../../types';
 
 import { signCheckpoint } from './utils';
@@ -17,13 +18,53 @@ const OUTBOX_DOMAIN = 1234;
 const INBOX_DOMAIN = 4321;
 const QUORUM_THRESHOLD = 2;
 
+interface MerkleProof {
+  root: string;
+  proof: BytesArray;
+  leaf: string;
+  index: number;
+}
+
 describe('OutboxValidatorManager', () => {
   let validatorManager: OutboxValidatorManager,
-    outbox: Outbox,
+    outbox: TestOutbox,
+    helperOutbox: TestOutbox,
     signer: SignerWithAddress,
     validator0: Validator,
     validator1: Validator;
 
+  const dispatchMessage = async (outbox: TestOutbox, message: string) => {
+    const recipient = utils.addressToBytes32(validator0.address);
+    const destination = INBOX_DOMAIN;
+    const tx = await outbox.dispatch(
+      destination,
+      recipient,
+      ethers.utils.formatBytes32String(message),
+    );
+    const receipt = await tx.wait();
+    const dispatch = receipt.events![0];
+    expect(dispatch.event).to.equal('Dispatch');
+    return dispatch.args!;
+  };
+
+  const dispatchMessageAndReturnProof = async (
+    outbox: TestOutbox,
+    messageStr: string,
+  ) => {
+    const { messageHash, leafIndex } = await dispatchMessage(
+      outbox,
+      messageStr,
+    );
+    const root = await outbox.root();
+    const proof = await outbox.proof();
+    return {
+      root,
+      proof,
+      leaf: messageHash,
+      index: leafIndex,
+    };
+  };
+
   before(async () => {
     const signers = await ethers.getSigners();
     signer = signers[0];
@@ -39,82 +80,331 @@ describe('OutboxValidatorManager', () => {
       QUORUM_THRESHOLD,
     );
 
-    const outboxFactory = new Outbox__factory(signer);
+    const outboxFactory = new TestOutbox__factory(signer);
     outbox = await outboxFactory.deploy(OUTBOX_DOMAIN);
     await outbox.initialize(validatorManager.address);
+
+    // Deploy a second Outbox for convenience. We push a fraudulent message to this Outbox
+    // and use it to generate a fraudulent merkle proof.
+    helperOutbox = await outboxFactory.deploy(OUTBOX_DOMAIN);
+    await helperOutbox.initialize(validatorManager.address);
   });
 
-  describe('#improperCheckpoint', () => {
+  describe('#prematureCheckpoint', () => {
+    const messageCount = 1;
+    // An premature checkpoint is one that has index greater than the latest index
+    // in the Outbox.
+    const prematureIndex = messageCount;
     const root = ethers.utils.formatBytes32String('test root');
-    const index = 1;
 
-    it('accepts an improper checkpoint if there is a quorum', async () => {
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      await dispatchMessage(outbox, 'message');
+    });
+
+    it('accepts a premature checkpoint if it has been signed by a quorum of validators', async () => {
       const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
         root,
-        index,
-        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers, making a quorum
+        prematureIndex,
+        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers is a quorum
       );
 
       await expect(
-        validatorManager.improperCheckpoint(
+        validatorManager.prematureCheckpoint(
           outbox.address,
           root,
-          index,
+          prematureIndex,
           signatures,
         ),
       )
-        .to.emit(validatorManager, 'ImproperCheckpoint')
-        .withArgs(outbox.address, root, index, signatures);
+        .to.emit(validatorManager, 'PrematureCheckpoint')
+        .withArgs(
+          outbox.address,
+          root,
+          prematureIndex,
+          signatures,
+          messageCount,
+        );
       expect(await outbox.state()).to.equal(types.AbacusState.FAILED);
     });
 
-    it('reverts if there is not a quorum', async () => {
+    it('reverts if a premature checkpoint has not been signed a quorum of validators', async () => {
       const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
         root,
-        index,
+        prematureIndex,
         [validator0], // 1/2 signers is not a quorum
       );
 
       await expect(
-        validatorManager.improperCheckpoint(
+        validatorManager.prematureCheckpoint(
           outbox.address,
           root,
-          index,
+          prematureIndex,
           signatures,
         ),
       ).to.be.revertedWith('!quorum');
     });
 
-    it('reverts if the checkpoint is not improper', async () => {
-      const message = `0x${Buffer.alloc(10).toString('hex')}`;
-      // Send two messages to allow checkpointing
-      await outbox.dispatch(
-        INBOX_DOMAIN,
-        utils.addressToBytes32(signer.address),
-        message,
+    it('reverts if a non-premature checkpoint has been signed by a quorum of validators', async () => {
+      const validIndex = messageCount - 1;
+      const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
+        root,
+        validIndex,
+        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers is a quorum
       );
-      await outbox.dispatch(
-        INBOX_DOMAIN,
-        utils.addressToBytes32(signer.address),
-        message,
+
+      await expect(
+        validatorManager.prematureCheckpoint(
+          outbox.address,
+          root,
+          validIndex,
+          signatures,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.revertedWith('!premature');
+    });
+  });
+
+  const dispatchMessagesAndReturnProofs = async (args: {
+    differingIndex: number;
+    proofIndex: number;
+    messageCount: number;
+  }) => {
+    const { differingIndex, proofIndex, messageCount } = args;
+    const actualMessage = 'message';
+    const fraudulentMessage = 'fraud';
+    let index = 0;
+    const helperMessage = (j: number) =>
+      j === differingIndex ? fraudulentMessage : actualMessage;
+    for (; index < proofIndex; index++) {
+      await dispatchMessage(outbox, actualMessage);
+      await dispatchMessage(helperOutbox, helperMessage(index));
+    }
+    const proofA = await dispatchMessageAndReturnProof(outbox, actualMessage);
+    const proofB = await dispatchMessageAndReturnProof(
+      helperOutbox,
+      helperMessage(proofIndex),
+    );
+    for (index = proofIndex + 1; index < messageCount; index++) {
+      await dispatchMessage(outbox, actualMessage);
+      await dispatchMessage(helperOutbox, helperMessage(index));
+    }
+
+    return { proofA: proofA, proofB: proofB };
+  };
+
+  describe('#impliesDifferingLeaf', async () => {
+    it('returns true when proving a leaf with index greater than the differing leaf', async () => {
+      const { proofA, proofB } = await dispatchMessagesAndReturnProofs({
+        differingIndex: 3,
+        proofIndex: 4,
+        messageCount: 5,
+      });
+      expect(
+        await validatorManager.impliesDifferingLeaf(
+          proofA.leaf,
+          proofA.proof,
+          proofB.leaf,
+          proofB.proof,
+          proofA.index,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when proving a leaf with index equal to the differing leaf', async () => {
+      const { proofA, proofB } = await dispatchMessagesAndReturnProofs({
+        differingIndex: 4,
+        proofIndex: 4,
+        messageCount: 5,
+      });
+      expect(
+        await validatorManager.impliesDifferingLeaf(
+          proofA.leaf,
+          proofA.proof,
+          proofB.leaf,
+          proofB.proof,
+          proofA.index,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.true;
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when proving a leaf with index less than the differing leaf', async () => {
+      const { proofA, proofB } = await dispatchMessagesAndReturnProofs({
+        differingIndex: 4,
+        proofIndex: 3,
+        messageCount: 5,
+      });
+      expect(
+        await validatorManager.impliesDifferingLeaf(
+          proofA.leaf,
+          proofA.proof,
+          proofB.leaf,
+          proofB.proof,
+          proofA.index,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.false;
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('#fraudulentCheckpoint', async () => {
+    let actual: MerkleProof, fraudulent: MerkleProof;
+
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      const { proofA, proofB } = await dispatchMessagesAndReturnProofs({
+        differingIndex: 3,
+        proofIndex: 4,
+        messageCount: 5,
+      });
+      actual = proofA;
+      fraudulent = proofB;
+    });
+
+    it('accepts a fraud proof signed by a quorum', async () => {
+      await outbox.cacheCheckpoint();
+      const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
+        fraudulent.root,
+        fraudulent.index,
+        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers is a quorum
       );
-      await outbox.checkpoint();
-      const [root, index] = await outbox.latestCheckpoint();
 
+      await expect(
+        validatorManager.fraudulentCheckpoint(
+          outbox.address,
+          fraudulent.root,
+          fraudulent.index,
+          signatures,
+          fraudulent.leaf,
+          fraudulent.proof,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          fraudulent.index,
+        ),
+      )
+        .to.emit(validatorManager, 'FraudulentCheckpoint')
+        .withArgs(
+          outbox.address,
+          fraudulent.root,
+          fraudulent.index,
+          signatures,
+          fraudulent.leaf,
+          fraudulent.proof,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          fraudulent.index,
+        );
+      expect(await outbox.state()).to.equal(types.AbacusState.FAILED);
+    });
+
+    it('reverts if a fraud proof is not signed by a quorum', async () => {
+      await outbox.cacheCheckpoint();
       const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
-        root,
-        index.toNumber(),
-        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers, making a quorum
+        fraudulent.root,
+        fraudulent.index,
+        [validator0], // 1/2 signers is not a quorum
       );
 
       await expect(
-        validatorManager.improperCheckpoint(
+        validatorManager.fraudulentCheckpoint(
           outbox.address,
-          root,
-          index,
+          fraudulent.root,
+          fraudulent.index,
+          signatures,
+          fraudulent.leaf,
+          fraudulent.proof,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          fraudulent.index,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.revertedWith('!quorum');
+    });
+
+    it('reverts if the signed root is not fraudulent', async () => {
+      await outbox.cacheCheckpoint();
+      const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
+        actual.root,
+        actual.index,
+        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers is a quorum
+      );
+
+      await expect(
+        validatorManager.fraudulentCheckpoint(
+          outbox.address,
+          actual.root,
+          actual.index,
+          signatures,
+          fraudulent.leaf,
+          fraudulent.proof,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          fraudulent.index,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.revertedWith('!root');
+    });
+
+    it('reverts if the disputed leaf is not committed to by the signed checkpoint', async () => {
+      await outbox.cacheCheckpoint();
+      const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
+        fraudulent.root,
+        fraudulent.index - 1,
+        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers is a quorum
+      );
+
+      await expect(
+        validatorManager.fraudulentCheckpoint(
+          outbox.address,
+          fraudulent.root,
+          fraudulent.index - 1,
+          signatures,
+          fraudulent.leaf,
+          fraudulent.proof,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          fraudulent.index,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.revertedWith('!index');
+    });
+
+    it('reverts if the actual root is not cached', async () => {
+      const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
+        fraudulent.root,
+        fraudulent.index,
+        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers is a quorum
+      );
+
+      await expect(
+        validatorManager.fraudulentCheckpoint(
+          outbox.address,
+          fraudulent.root,
+          fraudulent.index,
+          signatures,
+          fraudulent.leaf,
+          fraudulent.proof,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          fraudulent.index,
+        ),
+      ).to.be.revertedWith('!cache');
+    });
+
+    it('reverts if the root is not fraudulent', async () => {
+      await outbox.cacheCheckpoint();
+      const signatures = await signCheckpoint(
+        actual.root,
+        actual.index,
+        [validator0, validator1], // 2/2 signers is a quorum
+      );
+
+      await expect(
+        validatorManager.fraudulentCheckpoint(
+          outbox.address,
+          actual.root,
+          actual.index,
           signatures,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          actual.leaf,
+          actual.proof,
+          actual.index,
         ),
-      ).to.be.revertedWith('!improper');
+      ).to.be.revertedWith('!fraud');
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/typescript/deploy/src/core/deploy.ts b/typescript/deploy/src/core/deploy.ts
index 5ca1e555a..142ac563b 100644
--- a/typescript/deploy/src/core/deploy.ts
+++ b/typescript/deploy/src/core/deploy.ts
@@ -154,12 +154,7 @@ export class AbacusCoreDeployer<
       this.inboxFactoryBuilder(signer),
       [domain],
       upgradeBeaconController.address,
-      [
-        chainMetadata[firstRemote].id,
-        firstValidatorManager.address,
-        ethers.constants.HashZero,
-        0,
-      ],
+      [chainMetadata[firstRemote].id, firstValidatorManager.address],
     );
 
     const getMailbox = (
@@ -184,12 +179,7 @@ export class AbacusCoreDeployer<
           chain,
           'Inbox',
           firstInbox,
-          [
-            chainMetadata[remote].id,
-            validatorManager.address,
-            ethers.constants.HashZero,
-            0,
-          ],
+          [chainMetadata[remote].id, validatorManager.address],
         );
 
         return [remote, getMailbox(validatorManager, inbox)];
diff --git a/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreApp.ts b/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreApp.ts
index a47dce99b..d95847700 100644
--- a/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreApp.ts
+++ b/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreApp.ts
@@ -71,11 +71,6 @@ export class TestCoreApp extends AbacusCore<TestChainNames> {
         this.getContracts(destinationChain).inboxes[origin].inbox;
       const status = await inbox.messages(dispatch.args.messageHash);
       if (status !== types.MessageStatus.PROCESSED) {
-        if (dispatch.args.leafIndex.toNumber() == 0) {
-          // disregard the dummy message
-          continue;
-        }
-
         const response = await inbox.testProcess(
           dispatch.args.message,
           dispatch.args.leafIndex.toNumber(),
diff --git a/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreDeploy.ts b/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreDeploy.ts
index 037380190..7c190a390 100644
--- a/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreDeploy.ts
+++ b/typescript/hardhat/src/TestCoreDeploy.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 import { TestCoreApp } from './TestCoreApp';
 import { TestInbox__factory, TestOutbox__factory } from '@abacus-network/core';
 import { AbacusCoreDeployer, CoreConfig } from '@abacus-network/deploy';
-import {
-  chainMetadata,
-  CoreContractAddresses,
-  MultiProvider,
-  TestChainNames,
-} from '@abacus-network/sdk';
-import { utils } from '@abacus-network/utils';
+import { MultiProvider, TestChainNames } from '@abacus-network/sdk';
 import { ethers } from 'ethers';
 
 // dummy config as TestInbox and TestOutbox do not use deployed ValidatorManager
@@ -32,28 +26,6 @@ export class TestCoreDeploy extends AbacusCoreDeployer<TestChainNames> {
   outboxFactoryBuilder = (signer: ethers.Signer) =>
     new TestOutbox__factory(signer);
 
-  async deployContracts<LocalChain extends TestChainNames>(
-    local: LocalChain,
-    config: CoreConfig,
-  ): Promise<CoreContractAddresses<TestChainNames, LocalChain>> {
-    const addresses = await super.deployContracts(local, config);
-
-    const signer = this.multiProvider.getChainConnection(local).signer!;
-    const outbox = this.outboxFactoryBuilder(signer).attach(
-      addresses.outbox.proxy,
-    );
-    const remote = this.multiProvider.remoteChains(local)[0];
-
-    // dispatch a dummy event to allow a consumer to checkpoint/process a single message
-    await outbox.dispatch(
-      chainMetadata[remote].id,
-      utils.addressToBytes32(ethers.constants.AddressZero),
-      '0x',
-    );
-
-    return addresses;
-  }
-
   async deployCore() {
     const result = await super.deploy();
     return new TestCoreApp(result, this.multiProvider);
diff --git a/typescript/infra/hardhat.config.ts b/typescript/infra/hardhat.config.ts
index 9d954815f..65539aa76 100644
--- a/typescript/infra/hardhat.config.ts
+++ b/typescript/infra/hardhat.config.ts
@@ -22,15 +22,13 @@ const chainSummary = async <Chain extends ChainName>(
 ) => {
   const coreContracts = core.getContracts(chain);
   const outbox = coreContracts.outbox.outbox;
-  const [outboxCheckpointRoot, outboxCheckpointIndex] =
-    await outbox.latestCheckpoint();
   const count = (await outbox.tree()).toNumber();
 
   const inboxSummary = async (remote: Chain) => {
     const remoteContracts = core.getContracts(remote);
     const inbox = remoteContracts.inboxes[chain as Exclude<Chain, Chain>].inbox;
     const [inboxCheckpointRoot, inboxCheckpointIndex] =
-      await inbox.latestCheckpoint();
+      await inbox.latestCachedCheckpoint();
     const processFilter = inbox.filters.Process();
     const processes = await inbox.queryFilter(processFilter);
     return {
@@ -45,10 +43,6 @@ const chainSummary = async <Chain extends ChainName>(
     chain,
     outbox: {
       count,
-      checkpoint: {
-        root: outboxCheckpointRoot,
-        index: outboxCheckpointIndex.toNumber(),
-      },
     },
     inboxes: await Promise.all(
       core.remoteChains(chain).map((remote) => inboxSummary(remote)),
@@ -91,9 +85,6 @@ task('kathy', 'Dispatches random abacus messages').setAction(
           utils.addressToBytes32(recipient.address),
           '0x1234',
         );
-        if ((await outbox.count()).gt(1)) {
-          await outbox.checkpoint();
-        }
         console.log(
           `send to ${recipient.address} on ${remote} at index ${
             (await outbox.count()).toNumber() - 1
diff --git a/typescript/sdk/CHANGELOG.md b/typescript/sdk/CHANGELOG.md
index 858428a15..b41a238f3 100644
--- a/typescript/sdk/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/typescript/sdk/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@
 
 ## 0.1.1
 
-Initial Alpha Release of the SDK
\ No newline at end of file
+Initial Alpha Release of the SDK
diff --git a/typescript/sdk/src/core/events.ts b/typescript/sdk/src/core/events.ts
index 704c29fa9..9f3871778 100644
--- a/typescript/sdk/src/core/events.ts
+++ b/typescript/sdk/src/core/events.ts
@@ -5,17 +5,16 @@ import { TypedEvent } from '@abacus-network/core/dist/commons';
 import { Annotated } from '../events';
 
 // copied from the Outbox.d.ts
-export type DispatchTypes = [string, BigNumber, BigNumber, string, string];
+export type DispatchTypes = [string, BigNumber, number, string];
 export type DispatchArgs = {
   messageHash: string;
   leafIndex: BigNumber;
-  destinationAndNonce: BigNumber;
-  committedRoot: string;
+  destination: number;
   message: string;
 };
 export type DispatchEvent = TypedEvent<DispatchTypes & DispatchArgs>;
 
-// copied from the Outbox.d.ts
+// copied from the Inbox.d.ts
 export type CheckpointTypes = [string, BigNumber];
 export type CheckpointArgs = { root: string; index: BigNumber };
 export type CheckpointEvent = TypedEvent<CheckpointTypes & CheckpointArgs>;
diff --git a/typescript/sdk/src/core/message.ts b/typescript/sdk/src/core/message.ts
index 55d712697..e92e716e1 100644
--- a/typescript/sdk/src/core/message.ts
+++ b/typescript/sdk/src/core/message.ts
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ export enum InboxMessageStatus {
 }
 
 export type EventCache = {
-  outboxCheckpoint?: AnnotatedCheckpoint;
   inboxCheckpoint?: AnnotatedCheckpoint;
   process?: AnnotatedProcess;
 };
@@ -276,51 +275,6 @@ export class AbacusMessage {
     );
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Get the Outbox `Checkpoint` event associated with this message (if any)
-   *
-   * @returns An {@link AnnotatedCheckpoint} (if any)
-   */
-  async getOutboxCheckpoint(): Promise<AnnotatedCheckpoint | undefined> {
-    // if we have already gotten the event,
-    // return it without re-querying
-    if (this.cache.outboxCheckpoint) {
-      return this.cache.outboxCheckpoint;
-    }
-
-    const leafIndex = this.dispatch.event.args.leafIndex;
-    const [checkpointRoot, checkpointIndex] =
-      await this.outbox.latestCheckpoint();
-    // The checkpoint index needs to be at least leafIndex + 1 to include
-    // the message.
-    if (checkpointIndex.lte(leafIndex)) {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-
-    // Query the latest checkpoint event.
-    const checkpointFilter = this.outbox.filters.Checkpoint(
-      checkpointRoot,
-      checkpointIndex,
-    );
-
-    const checkpointLogs: AnnotatedCheckpoint[] =
-      await findAnnotatedSingleEvent<CheckpointTypes, CheckpointArgs>(
-        this.multiProvider,
-        this.originName,
-        this.outbox,
-        checkpointFilter,
-      );
-
-    if (checkpointLogs.length === 1) {
-      // if event is returned, store it to the object
-      this.cache.outboxCheckpoint = checkpointLogs[0];
-    } else if (checkpointLogs.length > 1) {
-      throw new Error('multiple outbox checkpoints for same root and index');
-    }
-    // return the event or undefined if it doesn't exist
-    return this.cache.outboxCheckpoint;
-  }
-
   /**
    * Get the Inbox `Checkpoint` event associated with this message (if any)
    *
@@ -335,7 +289,7 @@ export class AbacusMessage {
 
     const leafIndex = this.dispatch.event.args.leafIndex;
     const [checkpointRoot, checkpointIndex] =
-      await this.inbox.latestCheckpoint();
+      await this.inbox.latestCachedCheckpoint();
     // The checkpoint index needs to be at least leafIndex + 1 to include
     // the message.
     if (checkpointIndex.lte(leafIndex)) {
@@ -343,7 +297,7 @@ export class AbacusMessage {
     }
 
     // if not, attempt to query the event
-    const checkpointFilter = this.inbox.filters.Checkpoint(
+    const checkpointFilter = this.inbox.filters.CheckpointCached(
       checkpointRoot,
       checkpointIndex,
     );
@@ -404,15 +358,6 @@ export class AbacusMessage {
    */
   async events(): Promise<AbacusStatus> {
     const events: AnnotatedLifecycleEvent[] = [this.dispatch];
-    // attempt to get Outbox checkpoint
-    const outboxCheckpoint = await this.getOutboxCheckpoint();
-    if (!outboxCheckpoint) {
-      return {
-        status: MessageStatus.Dispatched, // the message has been sent; nothing more
-        events,
-      };
-    }
-    events.push(outboxCheckpoint);
     // attempt to get Inbox checkpoint
     const inboxCheckpoint = await this.getInboxCheckpoint();
     if (!inboxCheckpoint) {
@@ -549,18 +494,4 @@ export class AbacusMessage {
   get leafIndex(): BigNumber {
     return this.dispatch.event.args.leafIndex;
   }
-
-  /**
-   * The destination and nonceof this message.
-   */
-  get destinationAndNonce(): BigNumber {
-    return this.dispatch.event.args.destinationAndNonce;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * The committed root when this message was dispatched.
-   */
-  get committedRoot(): string {
-    return this.dispatch.event.args.committedRoot;
-  }
 }
diff --git a/vectors/destinationNonce.json b/vectors/destinationNonce.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 7687339dc..000000000
--- a/vectors/destinationNonce.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-[
-  {
-    "destination": 1,
-    "expectedDestinationAndNonce": 4294967298,
-    "nonce": 2
-  },
-  {
-    "destination": 2,
-    "expectedDestinationAndNonce": 8589934595,
-    "nonce": 3
-  },
-  {
-    "destination": 3,
-    "expectedDestinationAndNonce": 12884901892,
-    "nonce": 4
-  },
-  {
-    "destination": 4,
-    "expectedDestinationAndNonce": 17179869189,
-    "nonce": 5
-  },
-  {
-    "destination": 5,
-    "expectedDestinationAndNonce": 21474836486,
-    "nonce": 6
-  }
-]