diff --git a/include/mcl/fp.hpp b/include/mcl/fp.hpp
index cceb909..24ea9d8 100644
--- a/include/mcl/fp.hpp
+++ b/include/mcl/fp.hpp
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ public:
 		mpz_class x;
 		inFromStr(x, &isMinus, str, base);
 		if (x >= op_.mp) throw cybozu::Exception("fp:FpT:fromStr:large str") << str << op_.mp;
-		fp::local::toArray(v_, op_.N, x.get_mpz_t());
+		fp::toArray(v_, op_.N, x.get_mpz_t());
 		if (isMinus) {
 			neg(*this, *this);
 		}
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ public:
 	}
 	bool isValid() const
 	{
-		return fp::local::compareArray(v_, op_.p, op_.N) < 0;
+		return fp::compareArray(v_, op_.p, op_.N) < 0;
 	}
 	void fromBitVec(const cybozu::BitVector& bv)
 	{
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ public:
 	}
 	static inline size_t getModBitLen() { return op_.bitLen; }
 	static inline size_t getBitVecSize() { return op_.bitLen; }
-	bool operator==(const FpT& rhs) const { return fp::local::isEqualArray(v_, rhs.v_, op_.N); }
+	bool operator==(const FpT& rhs) const { return fp::isEqualArray(v_, rhs.v_, op_.N); }
 	bool operator!=(const FpT& rhs) const { return !operator==(rhs); }
 	inline friend FpT operator+(const FpT& x, const FpT& y) { FpT z; add(z, x, y); return z; }
 	inline friend FpT operator-(const FpT& x, const FpT& y) { FpT z; sub(z, x, y); return z; }
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ public:
 		fp::Block xb, yb;
 		x.getBlock(xb);
 		y.getBlock(yb);
-		return fp::local::compareArray(xb.p, yb.p, xb.n);
+		return fp::compareArray(xb.p, yb.p, xb.n);
 	}
 	/*
 		wrapper function for generic p
diff --git a/include/mcl/fp_base.hpp b/include/mcl/fp_base.hpp
index 46f1b21..afd1357 100644
--- a/include/mcl/fp_base.hpp
+++ b/include/mcl/fp_base.hpp
@@ -139,8 +139,6 @@ T getMontgomeryCoeff(T pLow)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-namespace local {
-
 inline int compareArray(const Unit* x, const Unit* y, size_t n)
 {
 	for (size_t i = n - 1; i != size_t(-1); i--) {
@@ -186,6 +184,4 @@ inline void toArray(Unit *y, size_t yn, const mpz_srcptr x)
 	clearArray(y, xn, yn);
 }
 
-} // mcl::fp::local
-
 } } // mcl::fp
diff --git a/src/fp.cpp b/src/fp.cpp
index 33a5c89..9a58940 100644
--- a/src/fp.cpp
+++ b/src/fp.cpp
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ struct OpeFunc {
 	}
 	static inline void clearC(Unit *x)
 	{
-		local::clearArray(x, 0, N);
+		clearArray(x, 0, N);
 	}
 	static inline void copyC(Unit *y, const Unit *x)
 	{
-		local::copyArray(y, x, N);
+		copyArray(y, x, N);
 	}
 	static inline void addC(Unit *z, const Unit *x, const Unit *y, const Unit *p)
 	{
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ struct OpeFunc {
 		if (mpz_cmp(mz, mp) >= 0) {
 			mpz_sub(mz, mz, mp);
 		}
-		local::toArray(z, N, mz);
+		toArray(z, N, mz);
 	}
 	static inline void subC(Unit *z, const Unit *x, const Unit *y, const Unit *p)
 	{
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ struct OpeFunc {
 			set_mpz_t(mp, p);
 			mpz_add(mz, mz, mp);
 		}
-		local::toArray(z, N, mz);
+		toArray(z, N, mz);
 	}
 	static inline void mulPreC(Unit *z, const Unit *x, const Unit *y)
 	{
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ struct OpeFunc {
 		set_mpz_t(mx, x);
 		set_mpz_t(my, y);
 		mpz_mul(mz, mx, my);
-		local::toArray(z, N * 2, mz);
+		toArray(z, N * 2, mz);
 	}
 	// x[N * 2] -> y[N]
 	static inline void modC(Unit *y, const Unit *x, const Unit *p)
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ struct OpeFunc {
 		set_mpz_t(my, y);
 		set_mpz_t(mp, p);
 		mpz_mod(my, mx, mp);
-		local::clearArray(y, my->_mp_size, N);
+		clearArray(y, my->_mp_size, N);
 	}
 	static inline void invOp(Unit *y, const Unit *x, const Op& op)
 	{
@@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ struct OpeFunc {
 		set_mpz_t(mx, x);
 		set_mpz_t(mp, op.p);
 		mpz_invert(my.get_mpz_t(), mx, mp);
-		local::toArray(y, N, my.get_mpz_t());
+		toArray(y, N, my.get_mpz_t());
 	}
 	static inline bool isZeroC(const Unit *x)
 	{
-		return local::isZeroArray(x, N);
+		return isZeroArray(x, N);
 	}
 	static inline void negC(Unit *y, const Unit *x, const Unit *p)
 	{
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ inline void invOpForMont(Unit *y, const Unit *x, const Op& op)
 }
 static void fromRawGmp(Unit *y, size_t n, const mpz_class& x)
 {
-	local::toArray(y, n, x.get_mpz_t());
+	toArray(y, n, x.get_mpz_t());
 }
 static void initInvTbl(Op& op, size_t N)
 {
diff --git a/test/base_test.cpp b/test/base_test.cpp
index 29a177f..3b677f5 100644
--- a/test/base_test.cpp
+++ b/test/base_test.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ void setMpz(mpz_class& mx, const Unit *x, size_t n)
 }
 void getMpz(Unit *x, size_t n, const mpz_class& mx)
 {
-	mcl::fp::local::toArray(x,  n, mx.get_mpz_t());
+	mcl::fp::toArray(x,  n, mx.get_mpz_t());
 }
 
 struct Montgomery {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ void put(const char *msg, const Unit *x, size_t n)
 }
 void verifyEqual(const Unit *x, const Unit *y, size_t n, const char *file, int line)
 {
-	bool ok = mcl::fp::local::isEqualArray(x, y, n);
+	bool ok = mcl::fp::isEqualArray(x, y, n);
 	CYBOZU_TEST_ASSERT(ok);
 	if (ok) return;
 	printf("%s:%d\n", file, line);
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ void mulPreC(Unit *z, const Unit *x, const Unit *y, size_t n)
 	set_mpz_t(mx, x, n);
 	set_mpz_t(my, y, n);
 	mpz_mul(mz, mx, my);
-	mcl::fp::local::toArray(z, n * 2, mz);
+	mcl::fp::toArray(z, n * 2, mz);
 #else
 	mpz_class mx, my;
 	setMpz(mx, x, n);
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ void modC(Unit *y, const Unit *x, const Unit *p, size_t n)
 	set_mpz_t(my, y, n);
 	set_mpz_t(mp, p, n);
 	mpz_mod(my, mx, mp);
-	mcl::fp::local::clearArray(y, my->_mp_size, n);
+	mcl::fp::clearArray(y, my->_mp_size, n);
 }
 
 void mul(Unit *z, const Unit *x, const Unit *y, const Unit *p, size_t n)
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ void mul(Unit *z, const Unit *x, const Unit *y, const Unit *p, size_t n)
 	set_mpz_t(mp, p, n);
 	mpz_mul(mz, mx, my);
 	mpz_mod(mz, mz, mp);
-	mcl::fp::local::toArray(z, n, mz);
+	mcl::fp::toArray(z, n, mz);
 }
 
 typedef mcl::fp::void3op void3op;