Merge branch 'develop' into typo_fix_depricated

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Nathan 6 years ago committed by GitHub
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  1. 4
      README.md
  2. 2
      docs/source/conf.py
  3. 90
      mythril/analysis/modules/integer.py
  4. 84
      mythril/laser/ethereum/plugins/benchmark.py
  5. 7
      mythril/laser/ethereum/state/constraints.py
  6. 22
      mythril/laser/ethereum/svm.py
  7. 2
      mythril/laser/smt/__init__.py
  8. 3
      mythril/laser/smt/solver/__init__.py
  9. 5
      mythril/laser/smt/solver/independence_solver.py
  10. 15
      mythril/laser/smt/solver/solver.py
  11. 43
      mythril/laser/smt/solver/solver_statistics.py
  12. 3
      mythril/mythril.py
  13. 3
      solidity_examples/BECToken.sol
  14. 2
      tests/laser/smt/independece_solver_test.py
  15. 2
      tests/report_test.py
  16. 111
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/calls.sol.o.json
  17. 6
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/ether_send.sol.o.json
  18. 59
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/exceptions.sol.o.json
  19. 72
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/kinds_of_calls.sol.o.json
  20. 6
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/metacoin.sol.o.json
  21. 20
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/multi_contracts.sol.o.json
  22. 6
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/nonascii.sol.o.json
  23. 20
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/origin.sol.o.json
  24. 59
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/overflow.sol.o.json
  25. 4
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/overflow.sol.o.markdown
  26. 4
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/overflow.sol.o.text
  27. 46
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/returnvalue.sol.o.json
  28. 36
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/suicide.sol.o.json
  29. 59
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/underflow.sol.o.json
  30. 4
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/underflow.sol.o.markdown
  31. 4
      tests/testdata/outputs_expected/underflow.sol.o.text

@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
Mythril Classic is an open-source security analysis tool for Ethereum smart contracts. It uses concolic analysis, taint analysis and control flow checking to detect a variety of security vulnerabilities.
Whether you want to contribute, need support, or want to learn what we have cooking for the future, our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/E3YrVtG) will serve your needs.
If you a smart contract developer who wants convenience and comprehensive results, you should be using [MythX](https://mythx.io), our next-gen smart contract security API that [integrates with Truffle Framework](https://github.com/ConsenSys/truffle-security) and other development environments.
Oh and by the way, we're also building an [easy-to-use security analysis API called MythX](https://mythx.io) that integrates seamlessly with Truffle, Visual Studio Code, Github and other environments. If you're looking for tooling to plug into your SDLC you should check it out.
Whether you want to contribute, need support, or want to learn what we have cooking for the future, our [Discord server](https://discord.gg/E3YrVtG) will serve your needs.
## Installation and setup

@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pygments_style = None
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
# a list of builtin themes.
#
html_theme = "alabaster"
html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the

@ -2,12 +2,13 @@
underflows."""
import json
from typing import Dict
from typing import Dict, cast, List
from mythril.analysis import solver
from mythril.analysis.report import Issue
from mythril.analysis.swc_data import INTEGER_OVERFLOW_AND_UNDERFLOW
from mythril.exceptions import UnsatError
from mythril.laser.ethereum.state.global_state import GlobalState
from mythril.laser.ethereum.state.annotation import StateAnnotation
from mythril.analysis.modules.base import DetectionModule
from mythril.laser.smt import (
@ -27,6 +28,19 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class OverUnderflowAnnotation:
""" Symbol Annotation used if a BitVector can overflow"""
def __init__(
self, overflowing_state: GlobalState, operator: str, constraint
) -> None:
self.overflowing_state = overflowing_state
self.operator = operator
self.constraint = constraint
class OverUnderflowStateAnnotation(StateAnnotation):
""" State Annotation used if an overflow is both possible and used in the annotated path"""
def __init__(
self, overflowing_state: GlobalState, operator: str, constraint
) -> None:
@ -49,7 +63,7 @@ class IntegerOverflowUnderflowModule(DetectionModule):
"there's a possible state where op1 + op0 > 2^32 - 1"
),
entrypoint="callback",
pre_hooks=["ADD", "MUL", "SUB", "SSTORE", "JUMPI"],
pre_hooks=["ADD", "MUL", "SUB", "SSTORE", "JUMPI", "STOP", "RETURN"],
)
self._overflow_cache = {} # type: Dict[int, bool]
self._underflow_cache = {} # type: Dict[int, bool]
@ -84,6 +98,8 @@ class IntegerOverflowUnderflowModule(DetectionModule):
self._handle_sstore(state)
elif state.get_current_instruction()["opcode"] == "JUMPI":
self._handle_jumpi(state)
elif state.get_current_instruction()["opcode"] in ("RETURN", "STOP"):
self._handle_transaction_end(state)
def _handle_add(self, state):
stack = state.mstate.stack
@ -165,7 +181,8 @@ class IntegerOverflowUnderflowModule(DetectionModule):
def _get_title(_type):
return "Integer {}".format(_type)
def _handle_sstore(self, state):
@staticmethod
def _handle_sstore(state: GlobalState) -> None:
stack = state.mstate.stack
value = stack[-2]
@ -174,59 +191,36 @@ class IntegerOverflowUnderflowModule(DetectionModule):
for annotation in value.annotations:
if not isinstance(annotation, OverUnderflowAnnotation):
continue
_type = "Underflow" if annotation.operator == "subtraction" else "Overflow"
ostate = annotation.overflowing_state
node = ostate.node
issue = Issue(
contract=node.contract_name,
function_name=node.function_name,
address=ostate.get_current_instruction()["address"],
swc_id=INTEGER_OVERFLOW_AND_UNDERFLOW,
bytecode=ostate.environment.code.bytecode,
title=self._get_title(_type),
severity="High",
description_head=self._get_description_head(annotation, _type),
description_tail=self._get_description_tail(annotation, _type),
gas_used=(state.mstate.min_gas_used, state.mstate.max_gas_used),
)
address = _get_address_from_state(ostate)
if annotation.operator == "subtraction" and self._underflow_cache.get(
address, False
):
continue
if annotation.operator != "subtraction" and self._overflow_cache.get(
address, False
):
continue
try:
transaction_sequence = solver.get_transaction_sequence(
state, node.constraints + [annotation.constraint]
state.annotate(
OverUnderflowStateAnnotation(
annotation.overflowing_state,
annotation.operator,
annotation.constraint,
)
)
issue.debug = json.dumps(transaction_sequence, indent=4)
except UnsatError:
continue
if annotation.operator == "subtraction":
self._underflow_cache[address] = True
else:
self._overflow_cache[address] = True
self._issues.append(issue)
def _handle_jumpi(self, state):
@staticmethod
def _handle_jumpi(state):
stack = state.mstate.stack
value = stack[-2]
for annotation in value.annotations:
if not isinstance(annotation, OverUnderflowAnnotation):
continue
state.annotate(
OverUnderflowStateAnnotation(
annotation.overflowing_state,
annotation.operator,
annotation.constraint,
)
)
def _handle_transaction_end(self, state: GlobalState) -> None:
for annotation in cast(
List[OverUnderflowStateAnnotation],
state.get_annotations(OverUnderflowStateAnnotation),
):
ostate = annotation.overflowing_state
node = ostate.node

@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
from mythril.laser.ethereum.svm import LaserEVM
from time import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import logging
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
class BenchmarkPlugin:
"""Benchmark Plugin
This plugin aggregates the following information:
- duration
- code coverage over time
- final code coverage
- total number of executed instructions
"""
def __init__(self, name=None):
"""Creates BenchmarkPlugin
:param name: name of this benchmark, used for storing the results
"""
self.nr_of_executed_insns = 0
self.begin = None
self.end = None
self.coverage = {}
self.name = name
def initialize(self, symbolic_vm: LaserEVM):
"""Initializes the BenchmarkPlugin
Introduces hooks in symbolic_vm to track the desired values
:param symbolic_vm: Symbolic virtual machine to analyze
"""
self._reset()
@symbolic_vm.laser_hook("execute_state")
def execute_state_hook(_):
current_time = time() - self.begin
self.nr_of_executed_insns += 1
for key, value in symbolic_vm.coverage.items():
try:
self.coverage[key][current_time] = sum(value[1]) * 100 / value[0]
except KeyError:
self.coverage[key] = {}
self.coverage[key][current_time] = sum(value[1]) * 100 / value[0]
@symbolic_vm.laser_hook("start_sym_exec")
def start_sym_exec_hook():
self.begin = time()
@symbolic_vm.laser_hook("stop_sym_exec")
def stop_sym_exec_hook():
self.end = time()
self._write_to_graph()
self._store_report()
def _reset(self):
"""Reset this plugin"""
self.nr_of_executed_insns = 0
self.begin = None
self.end = None
self.coverage = {}
def _store_report(self):
"""Store the results of this plugin"""
pass
def _write_to_graph(self):
"""Write the coverage results to a graph"""
traces = []
for byte_code, trace_data in self.coverage.items():
traces += [list(trace_data.keys()), list(trace_data.values()), "r--"]
plt.plot(*traces)
plt.axis([0, self.end - self.begin, 0, 100])
plt.xlabel("Duration (seconds)")
plt.ylabel("Coverage (percentage)")
plt.savefig("{}.png".format(self.name))

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
"""This module contains the class used to represent state-change constraints in
the call graph."""
from mythril.laser.smt import Solver, Bool
from mythril.laser.smt import Solver, Bool, symbol_factory
from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Union
from z3 import unsat
@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ class Constraints(list):
solver = Solver()
solver.set_timeout(self._default_timeout)
for constraint in self[:]:
constraint = (
symbol_factory.Bool(constraint)
if isinstance(constraint, bool)
else constraint
)
solver.add(constraint)
self._is_possible = solver.check() != unsat
return self._is_possible

@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import logging
from collections import defaultdict
from copy import copy
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from functools import reduce
from typing import Callable, Dict, DefaultDict, List, Tuple, Union
from mythril.laser.ethereum.cfg import NodeFlags, Node, Edge, JumpType
@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ from mythril.laser.ethereum.state.global_state import GlobalState
from mythril.laser.ethereum.state.world_state import WorldState
from mythril.laser.ethereum.strategy.basic import DepthFirstSearchStrategy
from mythril.laser.ethereum.time_handler import time_handler
from mythril.laser.ethereum.plugins.signals import PluginSignal, PluginSkipWorldState
from mythril.laser.ethereum.plugins.signals import PluginSkipWorldState
from mythril.laser.ethereum.transaction import (
ContractCreationTransaction,
TransactionEndSignal,
@ -97,6 +96,10 @@ class LaserEVM:
self.post_hooks = defaultdict(list) # type: DefaultDict[str, List[Callable]]
self._add_world_state_hooks = [] # type: List[Callable]
self._execute_state_hooks = [] # type: List[Callable]
self._start_sym_exec_hooks = [] # type: List[Callable]
self._stop_sym_exec_hooks = [] # type: List[Callable]
self.iprof = InstructionProfiler() if enable_iprof else None
log.info("LASER EVM initialized with dynamic loader: " + str(dynamic_loader))
@ -119,6 +122,8 @@ class LaserEVM:
:param contract_name:
"""
log.debug("Starting LASER execution")
for hook in self._start_sym_exec_hooks:
hook()
time_handler.start_execution(self.execution_timeout)
self.time = datetime.now()
@ -161,6 +166,9 @@ class LaserEVM:
if self.iprof is not None:
log.info("Instruction Statistics:\n{}".format(self.iprof))
for hook in self._stop_sym_exec_hooks:
hook()
def _execute_transactions(self, address):
"""This function executes multiple transactions on the address based on
the coverage.
@ -262,6 +270,10 @@ class LaserEVM:
:param global_state:
:return:
"""
# Execute hooks
for hook in self._execute_state_hooks:
hook(global_state)
instructions = global_state.environment.code.instruction_list
try:
@ -509,6 +521,12 @@ class LaserEVM:
"""registers the hook with this Laser VM"""
if hook_type == "add_world_state":
self._add_world_state_hooks.append(hook)
elif hook_type == "execute_state":
self._execute_state_hooks.append(hook)
elif hook_type == "start_sym_exec":
self._start_sym_exec_hooks.append(hook)
elif hook_type == "stop_sym_exec":
self._stop_sym_exec_hooks.append(hook)
else:
raise ValueError(
"Invalid hook type %s. Must be one of {add_world_state}", hook_type

@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from mythril.laser.smt.bitvecfunc import BitVecFunc
from mythril.laser.smt.expression import Expression, simplify
from mythril.laser.smt.bool import Bool, is_true, is_false, Or, Not, And
from mythril.laser.smt.array import K, Array, BaseArray
from mythril.laser.smt.solver import Solver, Optimize
from mythril.laser.smt.solver import Solver, Optimize, SolverStatistics
from mythril.laser.smt.model import Model
from typing import Union, Any, Optional, List, TypeVar, Generic

@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
from mythril.laser.smt.solver.solver import Solver, Optimize, BaseSolver
from mythril.laser.smt.solver.independence_solver import IndependenceSolver
from mythril.laser.smt.solver.solver_statistics import SolverStatistics

@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import z3
from mythril.laser.smt.model import Model
from mythril.laser.smt.bool import Bool
from mythril.laser.smt.solver.solver_statistics import stat_smt_query
from typing import Set, Tuple, Dict, List, cast
@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ class DependenceMap:
relevant_buckets.add(new_bucket)
new_bucket = self._merge_buckets(relevant_buckets)
for variable in variables:
for variable in new_bucket.variables:
self.variable_map[str(variable)] = new_bucket
def _merge_buckets(self, bucket_list: Set[DependenceBucket]) -> DependenceBucket:
@ -118,6 +120,7 @@ class IndependenceSolver:
] # type: List[z3.BoolRef]
self.constraints.extend(raw_constraints)
@stat_smt_query
def check(self) -> z3.CheckSatResult:
"""Returns z3 smt check result. """
dependence_map = DependenceMap()

@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
"""This module contains an abstract SMT representation of an SMT solver."""
import os
import sys
import z3
from typing import Union, cast, TypeVar, Generic, List, Sequence
from mythril.laser.smt.expression import Expression
from mythril.laser.smt.model import Model
from mythril.laser.smt.bool import Bool
from mythril.laser.smt.solver.solver_statistics import stat_smt_query
T = TypeVar("T", bound=Union[z3.Solver, z3.Optimize])
@ -42,12 +44,17 @@ class BaseSolver(Generic[T]):
"""
self.add(*constraints)
@stat_smt_query
def check(self) -> z3.CheckSatResult:
"""Returns z3 smt check result.
:return:
Also suppresses the stdout when running z3 library's check() to avoid unnecessary output
:return: The evaluated result which is either of sat, unsat or unknown
"""
return self.raw.check()
old_stdout = sys.stdout
sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, "w")
evaluate = self.raw.check()
sys.stdout = old_stdout
return evaluate
def model(self) -> Model:
"""Returns z3 model for a solution.

@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
from time import time
from mythril.support.support_utils import Singleton
from typing import Callable
def stat_smt_query(func: Callable):
"""Measures statistics for annotated smt query check function"""
stat_store = SolverStatistics()
def function_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if not stat_store.enabled:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
stat_store.query_count += 1
begin = time()
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
end = time()
stat_store.solver_time += end - begin
return result
return function_wrapper
class SolverStatistics(object, metaclass=Singleton):
""" Solver Statistics Class
Keeps track of the important statistics around smt queries
"""
def __init__(self):
self.enabled = False
self.query_count = 0
self.solver_time = 0
def __repr__(self):
return "Query count: {} \nSolver time: {}".format(
self.query_count, self.solver_time
)

@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ from mythril.analysis.security import fire_lasers, retrieve_callback_issues
from mythril.analysis.report import Report
from mythril.support.truffle import analyze_truffle_project
from mythril.ethereum.interface.leveldb.client import EthLevelDB
from mythril.laser.smt import SolverStatistics
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@ -566,6 +567,7 @@ class Mythril(object):
:return:
"""
all_issues = []
SolverStatistics().enabled = True
for contract in contracts or self.contracts:
try:
sym = SymExecWrapper(
@ -600,6 +602,7 @@ class Mythril(object):
issue.add_code_info(contract)
all_issues += issues
log.info("Solver statistics: \n{}".format(str(SolverStatistics())))
source_data = Source()
source_data.get_source_from_contracts_list(self.contracts)

@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
pragma solidity 0.5.0;
/**
* @title SafeMath
@ -296,4 +295,4 @@ contract BecToken is PausableToken {
//if ether is sent to this address, send it back.
revert();
}
}
}

@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
from mythril.laser.smt.independence_solver import (
from mythril.laser.smt.solver.independence_solver import (
_get_expr_variables,
DependenceBucket,
DependenceMap,

@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def _fix_debug_data(json_str):
read_json = json.loads(json_str)
for issue in read_json["issues"]:
issue["debug"] = "<DEBUG-DATA>"
return json.dumps(read_json, sort_keys=True)
return json.dumps(read_json, sort_keys=True, indent=4)
def _generate_report(input_file):

@ -1 +1,110 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [{"address": 661, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.", "function": "thisisfine()", "max_gas_used": 1254, "min_gas_used": 643, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "107", "title": "External Call To Fixed Address"}, {"address": 661, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "thisisfine()", "max_gas_used": 35972, "min_gas_used": 1361, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}, {"address": 779, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.", "function": "callstoredaddress()", "max_gas_used": 1298, "min_gas_used": 687, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "107", "title": "External Call To Fixed Address"}, {"address": 779, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "callstoredaddress()", "max_gas_used": 36016, "min_gas_used": 1405, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}, {"address": 858, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.", "function": "reentrancy()", "max_gas_used": 1320, "min_gas_used": 709, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "107", "title": "External Call To Fixed Address"}, {"address": 858, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "reentrancy()", "max_gas_used": 61052, "min_gas_used": 6441, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}, {"address": 912, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "A call to a user-supplied address is executed.\nThe callee address of an external message call can be set by the caller. Note that the callee can contain arbitrary code and may re-enter any function in this contract. Review the business logic carefully to prevent averse effects on thecontract state.", "function": "calluseraddress(address)", "max_gas_used": 616, "min_gas_used": 335, "severity": "Medium", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "107", "title": "External Call To User-Supplied Address"}, {"address": 912, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "calluseraddress(address)", "max_gas_used": 35336, "min_gas_used": 1055, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 661,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.",
"function": "thisisfine()",
"max_gas_used": 1254,
"min_gas_used": 643,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "107",
"title": "External Call To Fixed Address"
},
{
"address": 661,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "thisisfine()",
"max_gas_used": 35972,
"min_gas_used": 1361,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
},
{
"address": 779,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.",
"function": "callstoredaddress()",
"max_gas_used": 1298,
"min_gas_used": 687,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "107",
"title": "External Call To Fixed Address"
},
{
"address": 779,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "callstoredaddress()",
"max_gas_used": 36016,
"min_gas_used": 1405,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
},
{
"address": 858,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.",
"function": "reentrancy()",
"max_gas_used": 1320,
"min_gas_used": 709,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "107",
"title": "External Call To Fixed Address"
},
{
"address": 858,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "reentrancy()",
"max_gas_used": 61052,
"min_gas_used": 6441,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
},
{
"address": 912,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "A call to a user-supplied address is executed.\nThe callee address of an external message call can be set by the caller. Note that the callee can contain arbitrary code and may re-enter any function in this contract. Review the business logic carefully to prevent averse effects on thecontract state.",
"function": "calluseraddress(address)",
"max_gas_used": 616,
"min_gas_used": 335,
"severity": "Medium",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "107",
"title": "External Call To User-Supplied Address"
},
{
"address": 912,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "calluseraddress(address)",
"max_gas_used": 35336,
"min_gas_used": 1055,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -1 +1,5 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [],
"success": true
}

@ -1 +1,58 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [{"address": 446, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.", "function": "assert3(uint256)", "max_gas_used": 301, "min_gas_used": 206, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "110", "title": "Exception State"}, {"address": 484, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.", "function": "arrayaccess(uint256)", "max_gas_used": 351, "min_gas_used": 256, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "110", "title": "Exception State"}, {"address": 506, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.", "function": "divisionby0(uint256)", "max_gas_used": 367, "min_gas_used": 272, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "110", "title": "Exception State"}, {"address": 531, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.", "function": "assert1()", "max_gas_used": 363, "min_gas_used": 268, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "110", "title": "Exception State"}], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 446,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.",
"function": "assert3(uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 301,
"min_gas_used": 206,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "110",
"title": "Exception State"
},
{
"address": 484,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.",
"function": "arrayaccess(uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 351,
"min_gas_used": 256,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "110",
"title": "Exception State"
},
{
"address": 506,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.",
"function": "divisionby0(uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 367,
"min_gas_used": 272,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "110",
"title": "Exception State"
},
{
"address": 531,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "A reachable exception has been detected.\nIt is possible to trigger an exception (opcode 0xfe). Exceptions can be caused by type errors, division by zero, out-of-bounds array access, or assert violations. Note that explicit `assert()` should only be used to check invariants. Use `require()` for regular input checking.",
"function": "assert1()",
"max_gas_used": 363,
"min_gas_used": 268,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "110",
"title": "Exception State"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -1 +1,71 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [{"address": 618, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "_function_0x141f32ff", "max_gas_used": 35865, "min_gas_used": 1113, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}, {"address": 618, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "Use of callcode is deprecated.\nThe callcode method executes code of another contract in the context of the caller account. Due to a bug in the implementation it does not persist sender and value over the call. It was therefore deprecated and may be removed in the future. Use the delegatecall method instead.", "function": "_function_0x141f32ff", "max_gas_used": 1141, "min_gas_used": 389, "severity": "Medium", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "111", "title": "Use of callcode"}, {"address": 849, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "_function_0x9b58bc26", "max_gas_used": 35922, "min_gas_used": 1170, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}, {"address": 1038, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "A call to a user-supplied address is executed.\nThe callee address of an external message call can be set by the caller. Note that the callee can contain arbitrary code and may re-enter any function in this contract. Review the business logic carefully to prevent averse effects on thecontract state.", "function": "_function_0xeea4c864", "max_gas_used": 1223, "min_gas_used": 471, "severity": "Medium", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "107", "title": "External Call To User-Supplied Address"}, {"address": 1038, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "_function_0xeea4c864", "max_gas_used": 35947, "min_gas_used": 1195, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 618,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "_function_0x141f32ff",
"max_gas_used": 35865,
"min_gas_used": 1113,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
},
{
"address": 618,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "Use of callcode is deprecated.\nThe callcode method executes code of another contract in the context of the caller account. Due to a bug in the implementation it does not persist sender and value over the call. It was therefore deprecated and may be removed in the future. Use the delegatecall method instead.",
"function": "_function_0x141f32ff",
"max_gas_used": 1141,
"min_gas_used": 389,
"severity": "Medium",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "111",
"title": "Use of callcode"
},
{
"address": 849,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "_function_0x9b58bc26",
"max_gas_used": 35922,
"min_gas_used": 1170,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
},
{
"address": 1038,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "A call to a user-supplied address is executed.\nThe callee address of an external message call can be set by the caller. Note that the callee can contain arbitrary code and may re-enter any function in this contract. Review the business logic carefully to prevent averse effects on thecontract state.",
"function": "_function_0xeea4c864",
"max_gas_used": 1223,
"min_gas_used": 471,
"severity": "Medium",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "107",
"title": "External Call To User-Supplied Address"
},
{
"address": 1038,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "_function_0xeea4c864",
"max_gas_used": 35947,
"min_gas_used": 1195,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -1 +1,5 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [],
"success": true
}

@ -1 +1,19 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [{"address": 142, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "Anyone can withdraw ETH from the contract account.\nArbitrary senders other than the contract creator can withdraw ETH from the contract account without previously having sent an equivalent amount of ETH to it. This is likely to be a vulnerability.", "function": "transfer()", "max_gas_used": 467, "min_gas_used": 186, "severity": "High", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "105", "title": "Unprotected Ether Withdrawal"}], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 142,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "Anyone can withdraw ETH from the contract account.\nArbitrary senders other than the contract creator can withdraw ETH from the contract account without previously having sent an equivalent amount of ETH to it. This is likely to be a vulnerability.",
"function": "transfer()",
"max_gas_used": 467,
"min_gas_used": 186,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "105",
"title": "Unprotected Ether Withdrawal"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -1 +1,5 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [],
"success": true
}

@ -1 +1,19 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [{"address": 317, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "Use of tx.origin is deprecated.\nThe smart contract retrieves the transaction origin (tx.origin) using msg.origin. Use of msg.origin is deprecated and the instruction may be removed in the future. Use msg.sender instead.\nSee also: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/security-considerations.html#tx-origin", "function": "transferOwnership(address)", "max_gas_used": 1051, "min_gas_used": 626, "severity": "Medium", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "111", "title": "Use of tx.origin"}], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 317,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "Use of tx.origin is deprecated.\nThe smart contract retrieves the transaction origin (tx.origin) using msg.origin. Use of msg.origin is deprecated and the instruction may be removed in the future. Use msg.sender instead.\nSee also: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/develop/security-considerations.html#tx-origin",
"function": "transferOwnership(address)",
"max_gas_used": 1051,
"min_gas_used": 626,
"severity": "Medium",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "111",
"title": "Use of tx.origin"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
{
"error": null,
"issues": [{
"address": 567,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 1053,
"min_gas_used": 768,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
}, {
"address": 649,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 1774,
"min_gas_used": 1299,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
}],
"success": true
}
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 567,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 78152,
"min_gas_used": 17016,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
},
{
"address": 649,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 78152,
"min_gas_used": 17016,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
- Contract: Unknown
- Function name: `sendeth(address,uint256)`
- PC address: 567
- Estimated Gas Usage: 768 - 1053
- Estimated Gas Usage: 17016 - 78152
### Description
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The
- Contract: Unknown
- Function name: `sendeth(address,uint256)`
- PC address: 649
- Estimated Gas Usage: 1299 - 1774
- Estimated Gas Usage: 17016 - 78152
### Description

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Severity: High
Contract: Unknown
Function name: sendeth(address,uint256)
PC address: 567
Estimated Gas Usage: 768 - 1053
Estimated Gas Usage: 17016 - 78152
The binary subtraction can underflow.
The operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.
--------------------
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Severity: High
Contract: Unknown
Function name: sendeth(address,uint256)
PC address: 649
Estimated Gas Usage: 1299 - 1774
Estimated Gas Usage: 17016 - 78152
The binary subtraction can underflow.
The operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.
--------------------

@ -1 +1,45 @@
{"error": null, "issues": [{"address": 196, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.", "function": "callchecked()", "max_gas_used": 1210, "min_gas_used": 599, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "107", "title": "External Call To Fixed Address"}, {"address": 285, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.", "function": "callnotchecked()", "max_gas_used": 1232, "min_gas_used": 621, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "107", "title": "External Call To Fixed Address"}, {"address": 285, "contract": "Unknown", "debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>", "description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.", "function": "callnotchecked()", "max_gas_used": 35950, "min_gas_used": 1339, "severity": "Low", "sourceMap": null, "swc-id": "104", "title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"}], "success": true}
{
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 196,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.",
"function": "callchecked()",
"max_gas_used": 1210,
"min_gas_used": 599,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "107",
"title": "External Call To Fixed Address"
},
{
"address": 285,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The contract executes an external message call.\nAn external function call to a fixed contract address is executed. Make sure that the callee contract has been reviewed carefully.",
"function": "callnotchecked()",
"max_gas_used": 1232,
"min_gas_used": 621,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "107",
"title": "External Call To Fixed Address"
},
{
"address": 285,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The return value of a message call is not checked.\nExternal calls return a boolean value. If the callee contract halts with an exception, 'false' is returned and execution continues in the caller. It is usually recommended to wrap external calls into a require statement to prevent unexpected states.",
"function": "callnotchecked()",
"max_gas_used": 35950,
"min_gas_used": 1339,
"severity": "Low",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "104",
"title": "Unchecked Call Return Value"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
{
"error" : null,
"issues" : [
{
"title" : "Unprotected Selfdestruct",
"swc-id" : "106",
"severity" : "High",
"contract" : "Unknown",
"description" : "The contract can be killed by anyone.\nAnyone can kill this contract and withdraw its balance to an arbitrary address.",
"function" : "kill(address)",
"min_gas_used" : 168,
"max_gas_used" : 263,
"debug" : "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"sourceMap" : null,
"address" : 146
}
],
"success" : true
}
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 146,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The contract can be killed by anyone.\nAnyone can kill this contract and withdraw its balance to an arbitrary address.",
"function": "kill(address)",
"max_gas_used": 263,
"min_gas_used": 168,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "106",
"title": "Unprotected Selfdestruct"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
{
"error": null,
"issues": [{
"address": 567,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 1053,
"min_gas_used": 768,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
}, {
"address": 649,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 1774,
"min_gas_used": 1299,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
}],
"success": true
}
"error": null,
"issues": [
{
"address": 567,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 52858,
"min_gas_used": 11912,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
},
{
"address": 649,
"contract": "Unknown",
"debug": "<DEBUG-DATA>",
"description": "The binary subtraction can underflow.\nThe operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.",
"function": "sendeth(address,uint256)",
"max_gas_used": 52858,
"min_gas_used": 11912,
"severity": "High",
"sourceMap": null,
"swc-id": "101",
"title": "Integer Underflow"
}
],
"success": true
}

@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
- Contract: Unknown
- Function name: `sendeth(address,uint256)`
- PC address: 567
- Estimated Gas Usage: 768 - 1053
- Estimated Gas Usage: 11912 - 52858
### Description
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The
- Contract: Unknown
- Function name: `sendeth(address,uint256)`
- PC address: 649
- Estimated Gas Usage: 1299 - 1774
- Estimated Gas Usage: 11912 - 52858
### Description

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Severity: High
Contract: Unknown
Function name: sendeth(address,uint256)
PC address: 567
Estimated Gas Usage: 768 - 1053
Estimated Gas Usage: 11912 - 52858
The binary subtraction can underflow.
The operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.
--------------------
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Severity: High
Contract: Unknown
Function name: sendeth(address,uint256)
PC address: 649
Estimated Gas Usage: 1299 - 1774
Estimated Gas Usage: 11912 - 52858
The binary subtraction can underflow.
The operands of the subtraction operation are not sufficiently constrained. The subtraction could therefore result in an integer underflow. Prevent the underflow by checking inputs or ensure sure that the underflow is caught by an assertion.
--------------------

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