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SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS |
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Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. |
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Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. |
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A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K. |
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h H Display this help. |
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q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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MMOOVVIINNGG |
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e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). |
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y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). |
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f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). |
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b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). |
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z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). |
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w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). |
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ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. |
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d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
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u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). |
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ESC-) RightArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions). |
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ESC-( LeftArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions). |
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F Forward forever; like "tail -f". |
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r ^R ^L Repaint screen. |
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R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. |
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--------------------------------------------------- |
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Default "window" is the screen height. |
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Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG |
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/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. |
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?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. |
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n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). |
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N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. |
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ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. |
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ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. |
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ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. |
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&_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines |
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--------------------------------------------------- |
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A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of: |
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^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. |
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^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). |
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^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). |
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^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). |
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^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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JJUUMMPPIINNGG |
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g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). |
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G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). |
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p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). |
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t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag. |
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T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag. |
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{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. |
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} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. |
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ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>. |
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ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_> |
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--------------------------------------------------- |
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Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket |
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matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line. |
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Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket |
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matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. |
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m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current position with <letter>. |
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'_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. |
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'' Go to the previous position. |
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^X^X Same as '. |
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--------------------------------------------------- |
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A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. |
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Certain marks are predefined: |
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^ means beginning of the file |
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$ means end of the file |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS |
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:e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. |
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^X^V Same as :e. |
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:n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. |
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:p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. |
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:x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. |
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:d Delete the current file from the command line list. |
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= ^G :f Print current file name. |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS |
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-_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. |
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--_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name. |
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__<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option. |
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___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name. |
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+_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. |
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!_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL. |
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|XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. |
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v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. |
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V Print version number of "less". |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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OOPPTTIIOONNSS |
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Most options may be changed either on the command line, |
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or from within less by using the - or -- command. |
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Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single |
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character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --. |
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-? ........ --help |
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Display help (from command line). |
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-a ........ --search-skip-screen |
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Search skips current screen. |
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-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN |
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Search starts just after target line. |
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-b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N] |
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Number of buffers. |
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-B ........ --auto-buffers |
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Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. |
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-c ........ --clear-screen |
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Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling. |
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-d ........ --dumb |
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Dumb terminal. |
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-D [_x_n_._n] . --color=_x_n_._n |
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Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only) |
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-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF |
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Quit at end of file. |
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-f ........ --force |
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Force open non-regular files. |
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-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen |
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Quit if entire file fits on first screen. |
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-g ........ --hilite-search |
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Highlight only last match for searches. |
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-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH |
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Don't highlight any matches for searches. |
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-h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N] |
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Backward scroll limit. |
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-i ........ --ignore-case |
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Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. |
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-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE |
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Ignore case in all searches. |
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-j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N] |
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Screen position of target lines. |
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-J ........ --status-column |
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Display a status column at left edge of screen. |
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-k [_f_i_l_e] . --lesskey-file=[_f_i_l_e] |
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Use a lesskey file. |
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-K --quit-on-intr |
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Exit less in response to ctrl-C. |
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-L ........ --no-lessopen |
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Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. |
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-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT |
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Set prompt style. |
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-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS |
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Don't use line numbers. |
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-o [_f_i_l_e] . --log-file=[_f_i_l_e] |
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Copy to log file (standard input only). |
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-O [_f_i_l_e] . --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e] |
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Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). |
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-p [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] |
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Start at pattern (from command line). |
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-P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t] |
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Define new prompt. |
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-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT |
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Quiet the terminal bell. |
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-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS |
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Output "raw" control characters. |
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-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines |
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Squeeze multiple blank lines. |
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-S ........ --chop-long-lines |
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Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping. |
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-t [_t_a_g] .. --tag=[_t_a_g] |
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Find a tag. |
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-T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] |
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Use an alternate tags file. |
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-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL |
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Change handling of backspaces. |
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-V ........ --version |
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Display the version number of "less". |
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-w ........ --hilite-unread |
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Highlight first new line after forward-screen. |
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-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD |
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Highlight first new line after any forward movement. |
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-x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]] |
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Set tab stops. |
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-X ........ --no-init |
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Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. |
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-y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N] |
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Forward scroll limit. |
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-z [_N] .... --window=[_N] |
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Set size of window. |
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-" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]] |
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Set shell quote characters. |
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-~ ........ --tilde |
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Don't display tildes after end of file. |
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-# [_N] .... --shift=[_N] |
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Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width) |
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........ --no-keypad |
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Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings. |
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........ --follow-name |
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The F command changes files if the input file is renamed. |
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG |
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These keys can be used to edit text being entered |
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on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. |
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RightArrow ESC-l Move cursor right one character. |
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LeftArrow ESC-h Move cursor left one character. |
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ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w Move cursor right one word. |
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ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b Move cursor left one word. |
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HOME ESC-0 Move cursor to start of line. |
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END ESC-$ Move cursor to end of line. |
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BACKSPACE Delete char to left of cursor. |
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DELETE ESC-x Delete char under cursor. |
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ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE Delete word to left of cursor. |
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ctrl-DELETE ESC-DELETE ESC-X Delete word under cursor. |
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ctrl-U ESC (MS-DOS only) Delete entire line. |
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UpArrow ESC-k Retrieve previous command line. |
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DownArrow ESC-j Retrieve next command line. |
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TAB Complete filename & cycle. |
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SHIFT-TAB ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. |
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ctrl-L Complete filename, list all. |
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Marek Takac
11 years ago