An enterprise-grade Java-based, Apache 2.0 licensed Ethereum client https://wiki.hyperledger.org/display/besu
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besu/docs/trace_rpc_apis.md

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# Trace RPC API Notes
This document outlines major differences for `trace_replayBlockTransactions`
compared to other implementations.
## `stateDiff`
No major differences were observed in the `stateDiff` field.
## `trace`
Besu reports `gasUsed` after applying the effects of gas refunds. Future
implementations of Besu might track gas refunds separately.
## `vmTrace`
### Returned Memory from Calls
In the `vmTrace` `ope.ex.mem` fields Besu only reports actual data returned
from a `RETURN` opcode. Other implementations return the contents of the
reserved output space for the call operations. Note two major differences:
1. Besu reports `null` when a call operation ends because of a `STOP`, `HALT`,
`REVERT`, running out of instructions, or any exceptional halts.
2. When a `RETURN` operation returns data of a different length than the space
reserved by the call only the data passed to the `RETURN` operation is
reported. Other implementations will include pre-existing memory data or
trim the returned data.
### Precompiled Contracts Calls
Besu reports only the actual cost of the precompiled contract call in the
`cost` field.
### Out of Gas
Besu reports the operation that causes out fo gas exceptions, including
calculated gas cost. The operation is not executed so no `ex` values are
reported.