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# Creating a Private Network using Clique (Proof of Authority) Consensus Protocol
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A private network provides a configurable network for testing. This private network uses the [Clique (Proof of Authority)
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consensus protocol](../Consensus-Protocols/Clique.md).
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!!!important
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An Ethereum private network created as described here is isolated but not protected or secure.
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We recommend running the private network behind a properly configured firewall.
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## Prerequisites
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[Pantheon](../Installation/Install-Binaries.md)
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[Curl (or similar web service client)](https://curl.haxx.se/download.html)
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## Steps
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To create a private network:
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1. [Create Folders](#1-create-folders)
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1. [Get Public Key for Node-1](#2-get-public-key-for-node-1)
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1. [Get Address for Node-1](#3-get-address-for-node-1)
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1. [Create Genesis File](#4-create-genesis-file)
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1. [Delete Database Directory](#5-delete-database-directory)
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1. [Start First Node as Bootnode](#6-start-first-node-as-bootnode)
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1. [Start Node-2](#7-start-node-2)
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1. [Start Node-3](#8-start-node-3)
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1. [Confirm Private Network is Working](#9-confirm-private-network-is-working)
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### 1. Create Folders
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Each node requires a data directory for the blockchain data. When the node is started, the [node key](../Configuring-Pantheon/Node-Keys.md) is saved in this directory.
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Create directories for your private network, each of the three nodes, and a data directory for each node:
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```bash
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Clique-Network/
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├── Node-1
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│ ├── Node-1-data-path
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├── Node-2
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│ ├── Node-2-data-path
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└── Node-3
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├── Node-3-data-path
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```
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### 2. Get Public Key for Node-1
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To enable nodes to discover each other, a network requires one or more bootnodes.
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For this private network, we will use Node-1 as the bootnode. This requires obtaining the public key for the [enode URL](../Configuring-Pantheon/Node-Keys.md#enode-url).
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In the `Node-1` directory, use the [`public-key`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#public-key) subcommand to write
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the [node public key](../Configuring-Pantheon/Node-Keys.md) to the specified file (`publicKeyNode1` in this example):
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```bash tab="MacOS"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-1-data-path public-key export --to=Node-1-data-path/publicKeyNode1
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```
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```bash tab="Windows"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-1-data-path public-key export --to=Node-1-data-path\publicKeyNode1
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```
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Your node 1 directory now contains:
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```bash
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├── Node-1
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├── Node-1-data-path
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├── database
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├── key
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├── publicKeyNode1
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```
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The `database` directory contains the blockchain data.
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### 3. Get Address for Node-1
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In Clique networks, the address of at least one initial signer must be included in the genesis file.
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For this Clique network, we will use Node-1 as the initial signer. This requires obtaining the address for Node-1.
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To obtain the address for Node-1, in the `Node-1` directory, use the [`public-key export-address`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#public-key)
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subcommand to write the node address to the specified file (`nodeAddress1` in this example)
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```bash tab="MacOS"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-1-data-path public-key export-address --to=Node-1-data-path/nodeAddress1
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```
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```bash tab="Windows"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-1-data-path public-key export-address --to=Node-1-data-path\nodeAddress1
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```
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### 4. Create Genesis File
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The genesis file defines the genesis block of the blockchain (that is, the start of the blockchain).
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The [Clique genesis file](../Consensus-Protocols/Clique.md#genesis-file) includes the address of Node-1 as the initial signer in the `extraData` field.
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All nodes in a network must use the same genesis file.
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Copy the following genesis definition to a file called `cliqueGenesis.json` and save it in the `Clique-Network` directory:
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```json
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{
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"config":{
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"chainId":1981,
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"constantinoplefixblock": 0,
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"clique":{
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"blockperiodseconds":15,
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"epochlength":30000
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}
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},
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"coinbase":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"difficulty":"0x1",
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"extraData":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000<Node 1 Address>0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"gasLimit":"0xa00000",
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"mixHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"nonce":"0x0",
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"timestamp":"0x5c51a607",
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"alloc": {
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"fe3b557e8fb62b89f4916b721be55ceb828dbd73": {
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"privateKey": "8f2a55949038a9610f50fb23b5883af3b4ecb3c3bb792cbcefbd1542c692be63",
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"comment": "private key and this comment are ignored. In a real chain, the private key should NOT be stored",
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"balance": "0xad78ebc5ac6200000"
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},
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"627306090abaB3A6e1400e9345bC60c78a8BEf57": {
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"privateKey": "c87509a1c067bbde78beb793e6fa76530b6382a4c0241e5e4a9ec0a0f44dc0d3",
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"comment": "private key and this comment are ignored. In a real chain, the private key should NOT be stored",
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"balance": "90000000000000000000000"
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},
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"f17f52151EbEF6C7334FAD080c5704D77216b732": {
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"privateKey": "ae6ae8e5ccbfb04590405997ee2d52d2b330726137b875053c36d94e974d162f",
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"comment": "private key and this comment are ignored. In a real chain, the private key should NOT be stored",
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"balance": "90000000000000000000000"
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}
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},
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"number":"0x0",
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"gasUsed":"0x0",
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"parentHash":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
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}
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```
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In `extraData`, replace `<Node 1 Address>` with the [address for Node-1](#3-get-address-for-node-1) excluding the 0x prefix.
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!!! example
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```json
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{
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...
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"extraData":"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b9b81ee349c3807e46bc71aa2632203c5b4620340000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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...
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}
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```
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!!! warning
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Do not use the accounts in `alloc` in the genesis file on mainnet or any public network except for testing.
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The private keys are displayed which means the accounts are not secure.
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### 5. Delete Database Directory
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Delete the `database` directory created when [getting the public key for Node-1](#2-get-public-key-for-node-1).
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The node cannot be started with the Clique genesis file while the previously generated data is in the `database` directory.
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### 6. Start First Node as Bootnode
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Start Node-1:
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```bash tab="MacOS"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-1-data-path --genesis-file=../cliqueGenesis.json --bootnodes --network-id 123 --rpc-http-enabled --rpc-http-api=ETH,NET,CLIQUE --host-whitelist=* --rpc-http-cors-origins="all"
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```
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```bash tab="Windows"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-1-data-path --genesis-file=..\cliqueGenesis.json --bootnodes --network-id 123 --rpc-http-enabled --rpc-http-api=ETH,NET,CLIQUE --host-whitelist=* --rpc-http-cors-origins="all"
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```
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The command line specifies:
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* No arguments for the [`--bootnodes`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#bootnodes) option because this is your bootnode
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* JSON-RPC API is enabled using the [`--rpc-http-enabled`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#rpc-http-enabled) option
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* ETH,NET, and CLIQUE APIs are enabled using the [`--rpc-http-api`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#rpc-http-api) option
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* All hosts can access the HTTP JSON-RPC API using the [`--host-whitelist`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#host-whitelist) option
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* All domains can access the node using the HTTP JSON-RPC API using the [`--rpc-http-cors-origins`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#rpc-http-cors-origins) option
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### 7. Start Node-2
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You need the [enode URL](../Configuring-Pantheon/Node-Keys.md#enode-url) for Node-1 to specify Node-1 as a bootnode.
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Start another terminal, change to the `Node-2` directory and start Node-2 replacing the enode URL with your bootonde:
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```bash tab="MacOS"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-2-data-path --genesis-file=../cliqueGenesis.json --bootnodes="enode://<node public key ex 0x>@127.0.0.1:30303" --network-id 123 --p2p-port=30304 --rpc-http-enabled --rpc-http-api=ETH,NET,CLIQUE --host-whitelist=* --rpc-http-cors-origins="all" --rpc-http-port=8546
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```
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```bash tab="Windows"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-2-data-path --genesis-file=..\cliqueGenesis.json --bootnodes="enode://<node public key ex 0x>@127.0.0.1:30303" --network-id 123 --p2p-port=30304 --rpc-http-enabled --rpc-http-api=ETH,NET,CLIQUE --host-whitelist=* --rpc-http-cors-origins="all" --rpc-http-port=8546
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```
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The command line specifies:
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* Different port to Node-1 for P2P peer discovery using the [`--p2p-port`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#p2p-port) option.
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* Different port to Node-1 for HTTP JSON-RPC using the [`--rpc-http-port`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#rpc-http-port) option.
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* Enode URL for Node-1 using the [`--bootnodes`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#bootnodes) option.
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* Data directory for Node-2 using the [`--data-path`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#data-path) option.
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* Other options as for [Node-1](#5-start-first-node-as-bootnode).
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### 8. Start Node-3
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Start another terminal, change to the `Node-3` directory and start Node-3 replacing the enode URL with your bootnode:
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```bash tab="MacOS"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-3-data-path --genesis-file=../cliqueGenesis.json --bootnodes="enode://<node public key ex 0x>@127.0.0.1:30303" --network-id 123 --p2p-port=30305 --rpc-http-enabled --rpc-http-api=ETH,NET,CLIQUE --host-whitelist=* --rpc-http-cors-origins="all" --rpc-http-port=8547
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```
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```bash tab="Windows"
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pantheon --data-path=Node-3-data-path --genesis-file=..\cliqueGenesis.json --bootnodes="enode://<node public key ex 0x>@127.0.0.1:30303" --network-id 123 --p2p-port=30305 --rpc-http-enabled --rpc-http-api=ETH,NET,CLIQUE --host-whitelist=* --rpc-http-cors-origins="all" --rpc-http-port=8547
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```
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The command line specifies:
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* Different port to Node-1 and Node-2 for P2P peer discovery using the [`--p2p-port`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#p2p-port) option.
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* Different port to Node-1 and Node-2 for HTTP JSON-RPC using the [`--rpc-http-port`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#rpc-http-port) option.
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* Data directory for Node-3 using the [`--data-path`](../Reference/Pantheon-CLI-Syntax.md#data-path) option.
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* Bootnode as for [Node-2](#6-start-node-2).
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* Other options as for [Node-1](#5-start-first-node-as-bootnode).
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### 9. Confirm Private Network is Working
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Start another terminal, use curl to call the JSON-RPC API [`net_peerCount`](../Reference/JSON-RPC-API-Methods.md#net_peercount) method and confirm the nodes are functioning as peers:
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```bash
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curl -X POST --data '{"jsonrpc":"2.0","method":"net_peerCount","params":[],"id":1}' localhost:8545
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```
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The result confirms Node-1 has two peers (Node-2 and Node-3):
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```json
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{
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"jsonrpc" : "2.0",
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"id" : 1,
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"result" : "0x2"
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}
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```
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## Next Steps
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Look at the logs displayed to confirm Node-1 is producing blocks and Node-2 and Node-3 are importing blocks.
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Use the [Clique API to add](../Consensus-Protocols/Clique.md#adding-and-removing-signers) Node-2 or Node-3 as a signer.
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!!! note
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To add Node-2 or Node-3 as a signer you need the [node address as when specifying Node-1](#2-get-address-for-node-1) as the initial signer.
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Import accounts to MetaMask and send transactions as described in the [Private Network Quickstart Tutorial](Private-Network-Quickstart.md#creating-a-transaction-using-metamask)
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!!! info
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Pantheon does not implement [private key management](../Using-Pantheon/Account-Management.md).
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## Stop Nodes
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When finished using the private network, stop all nodes using ++ctrl+c++ in each terminal window.
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!!!tip
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To restart the Clique network in the future, start from [6. Start First Node as Bootnode](#6-start-first-node-as-bootnode).
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