Use f-strings instead of old-style formatting

pyproject.toml

@@ -18,6 +18,5 @@ logging-fstring-interpolation,
 logging-not-lazy,
 duplicate-code,
 import-error,
-unsubscriptable-object,
+unsubscriptable-object
-consider-using-f-string
 """

slither/__main__.py

@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ def choose_detectors(args, all_detector_classes):
             if detector in detectors:
                 detectors_to_run.append(detectors[detector])
             else:
-                raise Exception("Error: {} is not a detector".format(detector))
+                raise Exception(f"Error: {detector} is not a detector")
         detectors_to_run = sorted(detectors_to_run, key=lambda x: x.IMPACT)
         return detectors_to_run
 

slither/analyses/data_dependency/data_dependency.py

@@ -268,15 +268,15 @@ def pprint_dependency(caller_context: Context_types) -> None:
     print("#### SSA ####")
     context = caller_context.context
     for k, values in context[KEY_SSA].items():
-        print("{} ({}):".format(k, id(k)))
+        print(f"{k} ({id(k)}):")
         for v in values:
-            print("\t- {}".format(v))
+            print(f"\t- {v}")
 
     print("#### NON SSA ####")
     for k, values in context[KEY_NON_SSA].items():
-        print("{} ({}):".format(k, hex(id(k))))
+        print(f"{k} ({hex(id(k))}):")
         for v in values:
-            print("\t- {} ({})".format(v, hex(id(v))))
+            print(f"\t- {v} ({hex(id(v))})")
 
 
 # endregion

slither/core/cfg/node.py

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class NodeType(Enum):
             return "END_LOOP"
         if self == NodeType.OTHER_ENTRYPOINT:
             return "OTHER_ENTRYPOINT"
-        return "Unknown type {}".format(hex(self.value))
+        return f"Unknown type {hex(self.value)}"
 
 
 # endregion

slither/core/declarations/function.py

@@ -1304,9 +1304,9 @@ class Function(SourceMapping, metaclass=ABCMeta):  # pylint: disable=too-many-pu
         with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
             f.write("digraph{\n")
             for node in self.nodes:
-                f.write('{}[label="{}"];\n'.format(node.node_id, str(node)))
+                f.write(f'{node.node_id}[label="{str(node)}"];\n')
                 for son in node.sons:
-                    f.write("{}->{};\n".format(node.node_id, son.node_id))
+                    f.write(f"{node.node_id}->{son.node_id};\n")
 
             f.write("}\n")
 
@@ -1318,20 +1318,18 @@ class Function(SourceMapping, metaclass=ABCMeta):  # pylint: disable=too-many-pu
         """
 
         def description(node):
-            desc = "{}\n".format(node)
+            desc = f"{node}\n"
-            desc += "id: {}".format(node.node_id)
+            desc += f"id: {node.node_id}"
             if node.dominance_frontier:
-                desc += "\ndominance frontier: {}".format(
+                desc += f"\ndominance frontier: {[n.node_id for n in node.dominance_frontier]}"
-                    [n.node_id for n in node.dominance_frontier]
-                )
             return desc
 
         with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
             f.write("digraph{\n")
             for node in self.nodes:
-                f.write('{}[label="{}"];\n'.format(node.node_id, description(node)))
+                f.write(f'{node.node_id}[label="{description(node)}"];\n')
                 if node.immediate_dominator:
-                    f.write("{}->{};\n".format(node.immediate_dominator.node_id, node.node_id))
+                    f.write(f"{node.immediate_dominator.node_id}->{node.node_id};\n")
 
             f.write("}\n")
 
@@ -1356,22 +1354,22 @@ class Function(SourceMapping, metaclass=ABCMeta):  # pylint: disable=too-many-pu
         content = ""
         content += "digraph{\n"
         for node in self.nodes:
-            label = "Node Type: {} {}\n".format(str(node.type), node.node_id)
+            label = f"Node Type: {str(node.type)} {node.node_id}\n"
             if node.expression and not skip_expressions:
-                label += "\nEXPRESSION:\n{}\n".format(node.expression)
+                label += f"\nEXPRESSION:\n{node.expression}\n"
             if node.irs and not skip_expressions:
                 label += "\nIRs:\n" + "\n".join([str(ir) for ir in node.irs])
-            content += '{}[label="{}"];\n'.format(node.node_id, label)
+            content += f'{node.node_id}[label="{label}"];\n'
             if node.type in [NodeType.IF, NodeType.IFLOOP]:
                 true_node = node.son_true
                 if true_node:
-                    content += '{}->{}[label="True"];\n'.format(node.node_id, true_node.node_id)
+                    content += f'{node.node_id}->{true_node.node_id}[label="True"];\n'
                 false_node = node.son_false
                 if false_node:
-                    content += '{}->{}[label="False"];\n'.format(node.node_id, false_node.node_id)
+                    content += f'{node.node_id}->{false_node.node_id}[label="False"];\n'
             else:
                 for son in node.sons:
-                    content += "{}->{};\n".format(node.node_id, son.node_id)
+                    content += f"{node.node_id}->{son.node_id};\n"
 
         content += "}\n"
         return content

slither/core/declarations/solidity_variables.py

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def solidity_function_signature(name):
     Returns:
         str
     """
-    return name + " returns({})".format(",".join(SOLIDITY_FUNCTIONS[name]))
+    return name + f" returns({','.join(SOLIDITY_FUNCTIONS[name])})"
 
 
 class SolidityVariable(Context):

slither/core/expressions/assignment_operation.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class AssignmentOperationType(Enum):
         if operation_type == "%=":
             return AssignmentOperationType.ASSIGN_MODULO
 
-        raise SlitherCoreError("get_type: Unknown operation type {})".format(operation_type))
+        raise SlitherCoreError(f"get_type: Unknown operation type {operation_type})")
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         if self == AssignmentOperationType.ASSIGN:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class AssignmentOperationType(Enum):
             return "/="
         if self == AssignmentOperationType.ASSIGN_MODULO:
             return "%="
-        raise SlitherCoreError("str: Unknown operation type {})".format(self))
+        raise SlitherCoreError(f"str: Unknown operation type {self})")
 
 
 class AssignmentOperation(ExpressionTyped):

slither/core/expressions/binary_operation.py

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class BinaryOperationType(Enum):
         if operation_type == ">>'":
             return BinaryOperationType.RIGHT_SHIFT_ARITHMETIC
 
-        raise SlitherCoreError("get_type: Unknown operation type {})".format(operation_type))
+        raise SlitherCoreError(f"get_type: Unknown operation type {operation_type})")
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
         if self == BinaryOperationType.POWER:
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class BinaryOperationType(Enum):
             return ">'"
         if self == BinaryOperationType.RIGHT_SHIFT_ARITHMETIC:
             return ">>'"
-        raise SlitherCoreError("str: Unknown operation type {})".format(self))
+        raise SlitherCoreError(f"str: Unknown operation type {self})")
 
 
 class BinaryOperation(ExpressionTyped):

slither/core/expressions/unary_operation.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class UnaryOperationType(Enum):
                 return UnaryOperationType.PLUSPLUS_POST
             if operation_type == "--":
                 return UnaryOperationType.MINUSMINUS_POST
-        raise SlitherCoreError("get_type: Unknown operation type {}".format(operation_type))
+        raise SlitherCoreError(f"get_type: Unknown operation type {operation_type}")
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self == UnaryOperationType.BANG:
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class UnaryOperationType(Enum):
         ]:
             return "--"
 
-        raise SlitherCoreError("str: Unknown operation type {}".format(self))
+        raise SlitherCoreError(f"str: Unknown operation type {self}")
 
     @staticmethod
     def is_prefix(operation_type):
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class UnaryOperationType(Enum):
         ]:
             return False
 
-        raise SlitherCoreError("is_prefix: Unknown operation type {}".format(operation_type))
+        raise SlitherCoreError(f"is_prefix: Unknown operation type {operation_type}")
 
 
 class UnaryOperation(ExpressionTyped):

slither/core/slither_core.py

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class SlitherCore(Context):
         for compilation_unit in self._compilation_units:
             for c in compilation_unit.contracts:
                 for f in c.functions:
-                    f.cfg_to_dot(os.path.join(d, "{}.{}.dot".format(c.name, f.name)))
+                    f.cfg_to_dot(os.path.join(d, f"{c.name}.{f.name}.dot"))
 
     # endregion
     ###################################################################################
@@ -261,9 +261,7 @@ class SlitherCore(Context):
                             if "id" in r:
                                 self._previous_results_ids.add(r["id"])
         except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
-            logger.error(
+            logger.error(red(f"Impossible to decode {filename}. Consider removing the file"))
-                red("Impossible to decode {}. Consider removing the file".format(filename))
-            )
 
     def write_results_to_hide(self):
         if not self._results_to_hide:

slither/core/solidity_types/elementary_type.py

@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ M = list(range(8, 257, 8))
 N = list(range(0, 81))
 MN = list(itertools.product(M, N))
 
-Fixed = ["fixed{}x{}".format(m, n) for (m, n) in MN] + ["fixed"]
+Fixed = [f"fixed{m}x{n}" for (m, n) in MN] + ["fixed"]
-Ufixed = ["ufixed{}x{}".format(m, n) for (m, n) in MN] + ["ufixed"]
+Ufixed = [f"ufixed{m}x{n}" for (m, n) in MN] + ["ufixed"]
 
 ElementaryTypeName = ["address", "bool", "string", "var"] + Int + Uint + Byte + Fixed + Ufixed
 

slither/core/solidity_types/function_type.py

@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class FunctionType(Type):
         params = ",".join([str(x.type) for x in self._params])
         return_values = ",".join([str(x.type) for x in self._return_values])
         if return_values:
-            return "function({}) returns({})".format(params, return_values)
+            return f"function({params}) returns({return_values})"
-        return "function({})".format(params)
+        return f"function({params})"
 
     @property
     def parameters_signature(self) -> str:
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class FunctionType(Type):
         # Use x.type
         # x.name may be empty
         params = ",".join([str(x.type) for x in self._params])
-        return "({})".format(params)
+        return f"({params})"
 
     @property
     def signature(self) -> str:
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ class FunctionType(Type):
         params = ",".join([str(x.type) for x in self._params])
         return_values = ",".join([str(x.type) for x in self._return_values])
         if return_values:
-            return "({}) returns({})".format(params, return_values)
+            return f"({params}) returns({return_values})"
-        return "({})".format(params)
+        return f"({params})"
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, FunctionType):

slither/core/solidity_types/mapping_type.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class MappingType(Type):
         return 32, True
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "mapping({} => {})".format(str(self._from), str(self._to))
+        return f"mapping({str(self._from)} => {str(self._to)})"
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, MappingType):

slither/core/source_mapping/source_mapping.py

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class SourceMapping(Context):
         if not lines:
             lines = ""
         elif len(lines) == 1:
-            lines = "#{}{}".format(line_descr, lines[0])
+            lines = f"#{line_descr}{lines[0]}"
         else:
             lines = f"#{line_descr}{lines[0]}-{line_descr}{lines[-1]}"
         return lines

slither/core/variables/local_variable.py

@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@ class LocalVariable(ChildFunction, Variable):
 
     @property
     def canonical_name(self) -> str:
-        return "{}.{}".format(self.function.canonical_name, self.name)
+        return f"{self.function.canonical_name}.{self.name}"

slither/core/variables/state_variable.py

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class StateVariable(ChildContract, Variable):
 
     @property
     def canonical_name(self) -> str:
-        return "{}.{}".format(self.contract.name, self.name)
+        return f"{self.contract.name}.{self.name}"
 
     @property
     def full_name(self) -> str:

slither/detectors/naming_convention/naming_convention.py

@@ -89,14 +89,10 @@ Solidity defines a [naming convention](https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.4.2
                 if func.is_constructor:
                     continue
                 if not self.is_mixed_case(func.name):
-                    if (
+                    if func.visibility in [
-                        func.visibility
-                        in [
                         "internal",
                         "private",
-                        ]
+                    ] and self.is_mixed_case_with_underscore(func.name):
-                        and self.is_mixed_case_with_underscore(func.name)
-                    ):
                         continue
                     if func.name.startswith("echidna_") or func.name.startswith("crytic_"):
                         continue

slither/printers/functions/authorization.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class PrinterWrittenVariablesAndAuthorization(AbstractPrinter):
         for contract in self.contracts:
             if contract.is_top_level:
                 continue
-            txt += "\nContract %s\n" % contract.name
+            txt += f"\nContract {contract.name}\n"
             table = MyPrettyTable(
                 ["Function", "State variables written", "Conditions on msg.sender"]
             )

slither/printers/functions/cfg.py

@@ -22,12 +22,10 @@ class CFG(AbstractPrinter):
                 continue
             for function in contract.functions + contract.modifiers:
                 if filename:
-                    new_filename = "{}-{}-{}.dot".format(
+                    new_filename = f"{filename}-{contract.name}-{function.full_name}.dot"
-                        filename, contract.name, function.full_name
-                    )
                 else:
-                    new_filename = "{}-{}.dot".format(contract.name, function.full_name)
+                    new_filename = f"{contract.name}-{function.full_name}.dot"
-                info += "Export {}\n".format(new_filename)
+                info += f"Export {new_filename}\n"
                 content = function.slithir_cfg_to_dot_str()
                 with open(new_filename, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
                     f.write(content)

slither/printers/inheritance/inheritance_graph.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def _get_pattern_func(func):
 
 
 def _get_port_id(var, contract):
-    return "%s%s" % (var.name, contract.name)
+    return f"{var.name}{contract.name}"
 
 
 class PrinterInheritanceGraph(AbstractPrinter):
@@ -100,14 +100,10 @@ class PrinterInheritanceGraph(AbstractPrinter):
 
         # Add arrows (number them if there is more than one path so we know order of declaration for inheritance).
         if len(contract.immediate_inheritance) == 1:
-            ret += "%s -> %s;\n" % (contract.name, contract.immediate_inheritance[0])
+            ret += f"{contract.name} -> {contract.immediate_inheritance[0]};\n"
         else:
             for i, immediate_inheritance in enumerate(contract.immediate_inheritance):
-                ret += '%s -> %s [ label="%s" ];\n' % (
+                ret += f'{contract.name} -> {immediate_inheritance} [ label="{i + 1}" ];\n'
-                    contract.name,
-                    immediate_inheritance,
-                    i + 1,
-                )
 
         # Functions
         visibilities = ["public", "external"]
@@ -155,24 +151,24 @@ class PrinterInheritanceGraph(AbstractPrinter):
         indirect_shadowing_information = self._get_indirect_shadowing_information(contract)
 
         # Build the node label
-        ret += '%s[shape="box"' % contract.name
+        ret += f'{contract.name}[shape="box"'
         ret += 'label=< <TABLE border="0">'
-        ret += '<TR><TD align="center"><B>%s</B></TD></TR>' % contract.name
+        ret += f'<TR><TD align="center"><B>{contract.name}</B></TD></TR>'
         if public_functions:
             ret += '<TR><TD align="left"><I>Public Functions:</I></TD></TR>'
-            ret += "%s" % public_functions
+            ret += f"{public_functions}"
         if private_functions:
             ret += '<TR><TD align="left"><I>Private Functions:</I></TD></TR>'
-            ret += "%s" % private_functions
+            ret += f"{private_functions}"
         if modifiers:
             ret += '<TR><TD align="left"><I>Modifiers:</I></TD></TR>'
-            ret += "%s" % modifiers
+            ret += f"{modifiers}"
         if public_variables:
             ret += '<TR><TD align="left"><I>Public Variables:</I></TD></TR>'
-            ret += "%s" % public_variables
+            ret += f"{public_variables}"
         if private_variables:
             ret += '<TR><TD align="left"><I>Private Variables:</I></TD></TR>'
-            ret += "%s" % private_variables
+            ret += f"{private_variables}"
 
         if indirect_shadowing_information:
             ret += (

slither/printers/summary/contract.py

@@ -64,26 +64,22 @@ class ContractSummary(AbstractPrinter):
             public = list(collect.items())
 
             for contract, functions in public:
-                txt += blue("  - From {}\n".format(contract))
+                txt += blue(f"  - From {contract}\n")
 
                 functions = sorted(functions, key=lambda f: f.full_name)
 
                 for function in functions:
                     if function.visibility in ["external", "public"]:
-                        txt += green(
+                        txt += green(f"    - {function.full_name} ({function.visibility})\n")
-                            "    - {} ({})\n".format(function.full_name, function.visibility)
-                        )
                     if function.visibility in ["internal", "private"]:
-                        txt += magenta(
+                        txt += magenta(f"    - {function.full_name} ({function.visibility})\n")
-                            "    - {} ({})\n".format(function.full_name, function.visibility)
-                        )
                     if function.visibility not in [
                         "external",
                         "public",
                         "internal",
                         "private",
                     ]:
-                        txt += "    - {}  ({})\n".format(function.full_name, function.visibility)
+                        txt += f"    - {function.full_name}  ({function.visibility})\n"
 
                     additional_fields.add(
                         function, additional_fields={"visibility": function.visibility}

slither/printers/summary/data_depenency.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class DataDependency(AbstractPrinter):
         for c in self.contracts:
             if c.is_top_level:
                 continue
-            txt += "\nContract %s\n" % c.name
+            txt += f"\nContract {c.name}\n"
             table = MyPrettyTable(["Variable", "Dependencies"])
             for v in c.state_variables:
                 table.add_row([v.name, _get(v, c)])
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class DataDependency(AbstractPrinter):
 
             txt += "\n"
             for f in c.functions_and_modifiers_declared:
-                txt += "\nFunction %s\n" % f.full_name
+                txt += f"\nFunction {f.full_name}\n"
                 table = MyPrettyTable(["Variable", "Dependencies"])
                 for v in f.variables:
                     table.add_row([v.name, _get(v, f)])

slither/printers/summary/evm.py

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class PrinterEVM(AbstractPrinter):
         evm_info = _extract_evm_info(self.slither)
 
         for contract in self.slither.contracts_derived:
-            txt += blue("Contract {}\n".format(contract.name))
+            txt += blue(f"Contract {contract.name}\n")
 
             contract_file = self.slither.source_code[
                 contract.source_mapping["filename_absolute"]
@@ -109,19 +109,12 @@ class PrinterEVM(AbstractPrinter):
                         + 1
                     )
                     txt += green(
-                        "\t\tSource line {}: {}\n".format(
+                        f"\t\tSource line {node_source_line}: {contract_file_lines[node_source_line - 1].rstrip()}\n"
-                            node_source_line,
-                            contract_file_lines[node_source_line - 1].rstrip(),
-                        )
                     )
                     txt += magenta("\t\tEVM Instructions:\n")
                     node_pcs = contract_pcs.get(node_source_line, [])
                     for pc in node_pcs:
-                        txt += magenta(
+                        txt += magenta(f"\t\t\t{hex(pc)}: {contract_cfg.get_instruction_at(pc)}\n")
-                            "\t\t\t0x{:x}: {}\n".format(
-                                int(pc), contract_cfg.get_instruction_at(pc)
-                            )
-                        )
 
             for modifier in contract.modifiers:
                 txt += blue(f"\tModifier {modifier.canonical_name}\n")
@@ -132,19 +125,12 @@ class PrinterEVM(AbstractPrinter):
                         + 1
                     )
                     txt += green(
-                        "\t\tSource line {}: {}\n".format(
+                        f"\t\tSource line {node_source_line}: {contract_file_lines[node_source_line - 1].rstrip()}\n"
-                            node_source_line,
-                            contract_file_lines[node_source_line - 1].rstrip(),
-                        )
                     )
                     txt += magenta("\t\tEVM Instructions:\n")
                     node_pcs = contract_pcs.get(node_source_line, [])
                     for pc in node_pcs:
-                        txt += magenta(
+                        txt += magenta(f"\t\t\t{hex(pc)}: {contract_cfg.get_instruction_at(pc)}\n")
-                            "\t\t\t0x{:x}: {}\n".format(
-                                int(pc), contract_cfg.get_instruction_at(pc)
-                            )
-                        )
 
         self.info(txt)
         res = self.generate_output(txt)

slither/printers/summary/function.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class FunctionSummary(AbstractPrinter):
             if c.is_top_level:
                 continue
             (name, inheritance, var, func_summaries, modif_summaries) = c.get_summary()
-            txt = "\nContract %s" % name
+            txt = f"\nContract {name}"
             txt += "\nContract vars: " + str(var)
             txt += "\nInheritance:: " + str(inheritance)
             table = MyPrettyTable(

slither/printers/summary/function_ids.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class FunctionIds(AbstractPrinter):
         txt = ""
         all_tables = []
         for contract in self.slither.contracts_derived:
-            txt += "\n{}:\n".format(contract.name)
+            txt += f"\n{contract.name}:\n"
             table = MyPrettyTable(["Name", "ID"])
             for function in contract.functions:
                 if function.visibility in ["public", "external"]:

slither/printers/summary/human_summary.py

@@ -126,17 +126,17 @@ class PrinterHumanSummary(AbstractPrinter):
             medium,
             high,
         ) = self._get_detectors_result()
-        txt = "Number of optimization issues: {}\n".format(green(optimization))
+        txt = f"Number of optimization issues: {green(optimization)}\n"
-        txt += "Number of informational issues: {}\n".format(green(informational))
+        txt += f"Number of informational issues: {green(informational)}\n"
-        txt += "Number of low issues: {}\n".format(green(low))
+        txt += f"Number of low issues: {green(low)}\n"
         if medium > 0:
-            txt += "Number of medium issues: {}\n".format(yellow(medium))
+            txt += f"Number of medium issues: {yellow(medium)}\n"
         else:
-            txt += "Number of medium issues: {}\n".format(green(medium))
+            txt += f"Number of medium issues: {green(medium)}\n"
         if high > 0:
-            txt += "Number of high issues: {}\n".format(red(high))
+            txt += f"Number of high issues: {red(high)}\n"
         else:
-            txt += "Number of high issues: {}\n\n".format(green(high))
+            txt += f"Number of high issues: {green(high)}\n\n"
 
         return txt, all_results, optimization, informational, low, medium, high
 

slither/printers/summary/modifier_calls.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Modifiers(AbstractPrinter):
         all_tables = []
 
         for contract in self.slither.contracts_derived:
-            txt = "\nContract %s" % contract.name
+            txt = f"\nContract {contract.name}"
             table = MyPrettyTable(["Function", "Modifiers"])
             for function in contract.functions:
                 modifiers = function.modifiers

slither/printers/summary/require_calls.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class RequireOrAssert(AbstractPrinter):
         all_tables = []
         all_txt = ""
         for contract in self.slither.contracts_derived:
-            txt = "\nContract %s" % contract.name
+            txt = f"\nContract {contract.name}"
             table = MyPrettyTable(["Function", "require or assert"])
             for function in contract.functions:
                 require = function.all_slithir_operations()

slither/printers/summary/slithir.py

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ def _print_function(function: Function) -> str:
     txt = ""
     for node in function.nodes:
         if node.expression:
-            txt += "\t\tExpression: {}\n".format(node.expression)
+            txt += f"\t\tExpression: {node.expression}\n"
             txt += "\t\tIRs:\n"
             for ir in node.irs:
-                txt += "\t\t\t{}\n".format(ir)
+                txt += f"\t\t\t{ir}\n"
         elif node.irs:
             txt += "\t\tIRs:\n"
             for ir in node.irs:
-                txt += "\t\t\t{}\n".format(ir)
+                txt += f"\t\t\t{ir}\n"
     return txt
 
 
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ class PrinterSlithIR(AbstractPrinter):
             for contract in compilation_unit.contracts:
                 if contract.is_top_level:
                     continue
-                txt += "Contract {}\n".format(contract.name)
+                txt += f"Contract {contract.name}\n"
                 for function in contract.functions:
                     txt += f'\tFunction {function.canonical_name} {"" if function.is_shadowed else "(*)"}\n'
                     txt += _print_function(function)
                 for modifier in contract.modifiers:
-                    txt += "\tModifier {}\n".format(modifier.canonical_name)
+                    txt += f"\tModifier {modifier.canonical_name}\n"
                     txt += _print_function(modifier)
             if compilation_unit.functions_top_level:
                 txt += "Top level functions"

slither/printers/summary/slithir_ssa.py

@@ -23,26 +23,26 @@ class PrinterSlithIRSSA(AbstractPrinter):
         for contract in self.contracts:
             if contract.is_top_level:
                 continue
-            txt += "Contract {}".format(contract.name) + "\n"
+            txt += f"Contract {contract.name}" + "\n"
             for function in contract.functions:
-                txt += "\tFunction {}".format(function.canonical_name) + "\n"
+                txt += f"\tFunction {function.canonical_name}" + "\n"
                 for node in function.nodes:
                     if node.expression:
-                        txt += "\t\tExpression: {}".format(node.expression) + "\n"
+                        txt += f"\t\tExpression: {node.expression}" + "\n"
                     if node.irs_ssa:
                         txt += "\t\tIRs:" + "\n"
                         for ir in node.irs_ssa:
-                            txt += "\t\t\t{}".format(ir) + "\n"
+                            txt += f"\t\t\t{ir}" + "\n"
             for modifier in contract.modifiers:
-                txt += "\tModifier {}".format(modifier.canonical_name) + "\n"
+                txt += f"\tModifier {modifier.canonical_name}" + "\n"
                 for node in modifier.nodes:
                     txt += str(node) + "\n"
                     if node.expression:
-                        txt += "\t\tExpression: {}".format(node.expression) + "\n"
+                        txt += f"\t\tExpression: {node.expression}" + "\n"
                     if node.irs_ssa:
                         txt += "\t\tIRs:" + "\n"
                         for ir in node.irs_ssa:
-                            txt += "\t\t\t{}".format(ir) + "\n"
+                            txt += f"\t\t\t{ir}" + "\n"
         self.info(txt)
         res = self.generate_output(txt)
         return res

slither/printers/summary/variable_order.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class VariableOrder(AbstractPrinter):
         all_tables = []
 
         for contract in self.slither.contracts_derived:
-            txt += "\n{}:\n".format(contract.name)
+            txt += f"\n{contract.name}:\n"
             table = MyPrettyTable(["Name", "Type", "Slot", "Offset"])
             for variable in contract.state_variables_ordered:
                 if not variable.is_constant:

slither/slither.py

@@ -23,13 +23,11 @@ def _check_common_things(thing_name, cls, base_cls, instances_list):
 
     if not issubclass(cls, base_cls) or cls is base_cls:
         raise Exception(
-            "You can't register {!r} as a {}. You need to pass a class that inherits from {}".format(
+            f"You can't register {cls!r} as a {thing_name}. You need to pass a class that inherits from {base_cls.__name__}"
-                cls, thing_name, base_cls.__name__
-            )
         )
 
     if any(type(obj) == cls for obj in instances_list):  # pylint: disable=unidiomatic-typecheck
-        raise Exception("You can't register {!r} twice.".format(cls))
+        raise Exception(f"You can't register {cls!r} twice.")
 
 
 def _update_file_scopes(candidates: ValuesView[FileScope]):

slither/slithir/convert.py

@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ def _find_function_from_parameter(ir: Call, candidates: List[Function]) -> Optio
     type_args: List[str]
     for idx, arg in enumerate(arguments):
         if isinstance(arg, (list,)):
-            type_args = ["{}[{}]".format(get_type(arg[0].type), len(arg))]
+            type_args = [f"{get_type(arg[0].type)}[{len(arg)}]"]
         elif isinstance(arg, Function):
             type_args = [arg.signature_str]
         else:
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ def propagate_types(ir, node: "Node"):  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
                 # temporary operation; they will be removed
                 pass
             else:
-                raise SlithIRError("Not handling {} during type propagation".format(type(ir)))
+                raise SlithIRError(f"Not handling {type(ir)} during type propagation")
     return None
 
 
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ def extract_tmp_call(ins: TmpCall, contract: Optional[Contract]):  # pylint: dis
         internalcall.set_expression(ins.expression)
         return internalcall
 
-    raise Exception("Not extracted {} {}".format(type(ins.called), ins))
+    raise Exception(f"Not extracted {type(ins.called)} {ins}")
 
 
 # endregion
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ def convert_to_low_level(ir):
         new_ir.set_expression(ir.expression)
         new_ir.set_node(ir.node)
         return new_ir
-    raise SlithIRError("Incorrect conversion to low level {}".format(ir))
+    raise SlithIRError(f"Incorrect conversion to low level {ir}")
 
 
 def can_be_solidity_func(ir) -> bool:
@@ -1123,7 +1123,7 @@ def convert_to_solidity_func(ir):
     :param ir:
     :return:
     """
-    call = SolidityFunction("abi.{}()".format(ir.function_name))
+    call = SolidityFunction(f"abi.{ir.function_name}()")
     new_ir = SolidityCall(call, ir.nbr_arguments, ir.lvalue, ir.type_call)
     new_ir.arguments = ir.arguments
     new_ir.set_expression(ir.expression)
@@ -1497,7 +1497,7 @@ def convert_type_of_high_and_internal_level_call(ir: Operation, contract: Option
         if can_be_solidity_func(ir):
             return convert_to_solidity_func(ir)
     if not func:
-        to_log = "Function not found {}".format(ir.function_name)
+        to_log = f"Function not found {ir.function_name}"
         logger.error(to_log)
     ir.function = func
     if isinstance(func, Function):

slither/slithir/operations/assignment.py

@@ -41,7 +41,5 @@ class Assignment(OperationWithLValue):
             points = self.lvalue.points_to
             while isinstance(points, ReferenceVariable):
                 points = points.points_to
-            return "{} (->{}) := {}({})".format(self.lvalue, points, self.rvalue, self.rvalue.type)
+            return f"{self.lvalue} (->{points}) := {self.rvalue}({self.rvalue.type})"
-        return "{}({}) := {}({})".format(
+        return f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) := {self.rvalue}({self.rvalue.type})"
-            self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type, self.rvalue, self.rvalue.type
-        )

slither/slithir/operations/binary.py

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class BinaryType(Enum):
         if operation_type == "||":
             return BinaryType.OROR
 
-        raise SlithIRError("get_type: Unknown operation type {})".format(operation_type))
+        raise SlithIRError(f"get_type: Unknown operation type {operation_type})")
 
     def can_be_checked_for_overflow(self):
         return self in [
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class BinaryType(Enum):
             return "&&"
         if self == BinaryType.OROR:
             return "||"
-        raise SlithIRError("str: Unknown operation type {} {})".format(self, type(self)))
+        raise SlithIRError(f"str: Unknown operation type {self} {type(self)})")
 
 
 class Binary(OperationWithLValue):
@@ -186,17 +186,6 @@ class Binary(OperationWithLValue):
             points = self.lvalue.points_to
             while isinstance(points, ReferenceVariable):
                 points = points.points_to
-            return "{}(-> {}) = {} {} {}".format(
+            return f"{str(self.lvalue)}(-> {points}) = {self.variable_left} {self.type_str} {self.variable_right}"
-                str(self.lvalue),
+
-                points,
+        return f"{str(self.lvalue)}({self.lvalue.type}) = {self.variable_left} {self.type_str} {self.variable_right}"
-                self.variable_left,
-                self.type_str,
-                self.variable_right,
-            )
-        return "{}({}) = {} {} {}".format(
-            str(self.lvalue),
-            self.lvalue.type,
-            self.variable_left,
-            self.type_str,
-            self.variable_right,
-        )

slither/slithir/operations/codesize.py

@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ class CodeSize(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._value
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} -> CODESIZE {}".format(self.lvalue, self.value)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} -> CODESIZE {self.value}"

slither/slithir/operations/condition.py

@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ class Condition(Operation):
         return self._value
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "CONDITION {}".format(self.value)
+        return f"CONDITION {self.value}"

slither/slithir/operations/delete.py

@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ class Delete(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._variable
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} = delete {} ".format(self.lvalue, self.variable)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = delete {self.variable} "

slither/slithir/operations/event_call.py

@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@ class EventCall(Call):
 
     def __str__(self):
         args = [str(a) for a in self.arguments]
-        return "Emit {}({})".format(self.name, ".".join(args))
+        return f"Emit {self.name}({'.'.join(args)})"

slither/slithir/operations/high_level_call.py

@@ -144,9 +144,9 @@ class HighLevelCall(Call, OperationWithLValue):
         value = ""
         gas = ""
         if self.call_value:
-            value = "value:{}".format(self.call_value)
+            value = f"value:{self.call_value}"
         if self.call_gas:
-            gas = "gas:{}".format(self.call_gas)
+            gas = f"gas:{self.call_gas}"
         arguments = []
         if self.arguments:
             arguments = self.arguments
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ class HighLevelCall(Call, OperationWithLValue):
         if not self.lvalue:
             lvalue = ""
         elif isinstance(self.lvalue.type, (list,)):
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, ",".join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type))
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({','.join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type)}) = "
         else:
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type)
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) = "
         return txt.format(
             lvalue,
             self.destination,

slither/slithir/operations/index.py

@@ -37,6 +37,4 @@ class Index(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._type
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{}({}) -> {}[{}]".format(
+        return f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) -> {self.variable_left}[{self.variable_right}]"
-            self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type, self.variable_left, self.variable_right
-        )

slither/slithir/operations/init_array.py

@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ class InitArray(OperationWithLValue):
             return str(elem)
 
         init_values = convert(self.init_values)
-        return "{}({}) =  {}".format(self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type, init_values)
+        return f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) =  {init_values}"

slither/slithir/operations/internal_call.py

@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ class InternalCall(Call, OperationWithLValue):  # pylint: disable=too-many-insta
         if not self.lvalue:
             lvalue = ""
         elif isinstance(self.lvalue.type, (list,)):
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, ",".join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type))
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({','.join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type)}) = "
         else:
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type)
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) = "
         if self.is_modifier_call:
             txt = "{}MODIFIER_CALL, {}({})"
         else:

slither/slithir/operations/internal_dynamic_call.py

@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ class InternalDynamicCall(
         gas = ""
         args = [str(a) for a in self.arguments]
         if self.call_value:
-            value = "value:{}".format(self.call_value)
+            value = f"value:{self.call_value}"
         if self.call_gas:
-            gas = "gas:{}".format(self.call_gas)
+            gas = f"gas:{self.call_gas}"
         if not self.lvalue:
             lvalue = ""
         elif isinstance(self.lvalue.type, (list,)):
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, ",".join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type))
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({','.join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type)}) = "
         else:
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type)
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) = "
         txt = "{}INTERNAL_DYNAMIC_CALL {}({}) {} {}"
         return txt.format(lvalue, self.function.name, ",".join(args), value, gas)

slither/slithir/operations/length.py

@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ class Length(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._value
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} -> LENGTH {}".format(self.lvalue, self.value)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} -> LENGTH {self.value}"

slither/slithir/operations/library_call.py

@@ -27,16 +27,16 @@ class LibraryCall(HighLevelCall):
     def __str__(self):
         gas = ""
         if self.call_gas:
-            gas = "gas:{}".format(self.call_gas)
+            gas = f"gas:{self.call_gas}"
         arguments = []
         if self.arguments:
             arguments = self.arguments
         if not self.lvalue:
             lvalue = ""
         elif isinstance(self.lvalue.type, (list,)):
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, ",".join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type))
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({','.join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type)}) = "
         else:
-            lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type)
+            lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) = "
         txt = "{}LIBRARY_CALL, dest:{}, function:{}, arguments:{} {}"
 
         function_name = self.function_name

slither/slithir/operations/low_level_call.py

@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ class LowLevelCall(Call, OperationWithLValue):  # pylint: disable=too-many-insta
         value = ""
         gas = ""
         if self.call_value:
-            value = "value:{}".format(self.call_value)
+            value = f"value:{self.call_value}"
         if self.call_gas:
-            gas = "gas:{}".format(self.call_gas)
+            gas = f"gas:{self.call_gas}"
         arguments = []
         if self.arguments:
             arguments = self.arguments

slither/slithir/operations/member.py

@@ -66,6 +66,4 @@ class Member(OperationWithLValue):
         self._gas = gas
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{}({}) -> {}.{}".format(
+        return f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) -> {self.variable_left}.{self.variable_right}"
-            self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type, self.variable_left, self.variable_right
-        )

slither/slithir/operations/new_array.py

@@ -26,6 +26,4 @@ class NewArray(Call, OperationWithLValue):
 
     def __str__(self):
         args = [str(a) for a in self.arguments]
-        return "{} = new {}{}({})".format(
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = new {self.array_type}{'[]' * self.depth}({','.join(args)})"
-            self.lvalue, self.array_type, "[]" * self.depth, ",".join(args)
-        )

slither/slithir/operations/new_contract.py

@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ class NewContract(Call, OperationWithLValue):  # pylint: disable=too-many-instan
     def __str__(self):
         options = ""
         if self.call_value:
-            options = "value:{} ".format(self.call_value)
+            options = f"value:{self.call_value} "
         if self.call_salt:
-            options += "salt:{} ".format(self.call_salt)
+            options += f"salt:{self.call_salt} "
         args = [str(a) for a in self.arguments]
-        return "{} = new {}({}) {}".format(self.lvalue, self.contract_name, ",".join(args), options)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = new {self.contract_name}({','.join(args)}) {options}"

slither/slithir/operations/new_elementary_type.py

@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ class NewElementaryType(Call, OperationWithLValue):
     def __str__(self):
         args = [str(a) for a in self.arguments]
 
-        return "{} = new {}({})".format(self.lvalue, self._type, ",".join(args))
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = new {self._type}({','.join(args)})"

slither/slithir/operations/new_structure.py

@@ -29,4 +29,4 @@ class NewStructure(Call, OperationWithLValue):
 
     def __str__(self):
         args = [str(a) for a in self.arguments]
-        return "{} = new {}({})".format(self.lvalue, self.structure_name, ",".join(args))
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = new {self.structure_name}({','.join(args)})"

slither/slithir/operations/phi.py

@@ -33,6 +33,4 @@ class Phi(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._nodes
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{}({}) := \u03D5({})".format(
+        return "{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) := \u03D5({[str(v) for v in self._rvalues]})"
-            self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type, [str(v) for v in self._rvalues]
-        )

slither/slithir/operations/phi_callback.py

@@ -39,6 +39,4 @@ class PhiCallback(Phi):
         return self._nodes
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{}({}) := \u03D5({})".format(
+        return f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) := \u03D5({[v.ssa_name for v in self._rvalues]})"
-            self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type, [v.ssa_name for v in self._rvalues]
-        )

slither/slithir/operations/push.py

@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@ class Push(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._value
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "PUSH {} in {}".format(self.value, self.lvalue)
+        return f"PUSH {self.value} in {self.lvalue}"

slither/slithir/operations/return_operation.py

@@ -51,4 +51,4 @@ class Return(Operation):
         return self._unroll(self._values)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "RETURN {}".format(",".join(["{}".format(x) for x in self.values]))
+        return f"RETURN {','.join([f'{x}' for x in self.values])}"

slither/slithir/operations/send.py

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ class Send(Call, OperationWithLValue):
         return self._destination
 
     def __str__(self):
-        value = "value:{}".format(self.call_value)
+        value = f"value:{self.call_value}"
-        return str(self.lvalue) + " = SEND dest:{} {}".format(self.destination, value)
+        return str(self.lvalue) + f" = SEND dest:{self.destination} {value}"
 
 
 #

slither/slithir/operations/solidity_call.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class SolidityCall(Call, OperationWithLValue):
         lvalue = ""
         if self.lvalue:
             if isinstance(self.lvalue.type, (list,)):
-                lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, ",".join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type))
+                lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({','.join(str(x) for x in self.lvalue.type)}) = "
             else:
-                lvalue = "{}({}) = ".format(self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type)
+                lvalue = f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type}) = "
-        return lvalue + "SOLIDITY_CALL {}({})".format(self.function.full_name, args)
+        return lvalue + f"SOLIDITY_CALL {self.function.full_name}({args})"

slither/slithir/operations/transfer.py

@@ -27,5 +27,5 @@ class Transfer(Call):
         return self._destination
 
     def __str__(self):
-        value = "value:{}".format(self.call_value)
+        value = f"value:{self.call_value}"
-        return "Transfer dest:{} {}".format(self.destination, value)
+        return f"Transfer dest:{self.destination} {value}"

slither/slithir/operations/type_conversion.py

@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ class TypeConversion(OperationWithLValue):
         return [self.variable]
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return str(self.lvalue) + " = CONVERT {} to {}".format(self.variable, self.type)
+        return str(self.lvalue) + f" = CONVERT {self.variable} to {self.type}"

slither/slithir/operations/unary.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class UnaryType(Enum):
                 return UnaryType.BANG
             if operation_type == "~":
                 return UnaryType.TILD
-        raise SlithIRError("get_type: Unknown operation type {}".format(operation_type))
+        raise SlithIRError(f"get_type: Unknown operation type {operation_type}")
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self == UnaryType.BANG:
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class UnaryType(Enum):
         if self == UnaryType.TILD:
             return "~"
 
-        raise SlithIRError("str: Unknown operation type {}".format(self))
+        raise SlithIRError(f"str: Unknown operation type {self}")
 
 
 class Unary(OperationWithLValue):
@@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ class Unary(OperationWithLValue):
         return str(self._type)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} = {} {} ".format(self.lvalue, self.type_str, self.rvalue)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = {self.type_str} {self.rvalue} "

slither/slithir/operations/unpack.py

@@ -26,6 +26,4 @@ class Unpack(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._idx
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{}({})= UNPACK {} index: {} ".format(
+        return f"{self.lvalue}({self.lvalue.type})= UNPACK {self.tuple} index: {self.index} "
-            self.lvalue, self.lvalue.type, self.tuple, self.index
-        )

slither/slithir/tmp_operations/tmp_call.py

@@ -95,4 +95,4 @@ class TmpCall(OperationWithLValue):  # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attribu
         self._ori = ori
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return str(self.lvalue) + " = TMPCALL{} ".format(self.nbr_arguments) + str(self._called)
+        return str(self.lvalue) + f" = TMPCALL{self.nbr_arguments} " + str(self._called)

slither/slithir/tmp_operations/tmp_new_array.py

@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@ class TmpNewArray(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._depth
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} = new {}{}".format(self.lvalue, self.array_type, "[]" * self._depth)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = new {self.array_type}{'[]' * self._depth}"

slither/slithir/tmp_operations/tmp_new_contract.py

@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ class TmpNewContract(OperationWithLValue):
         return []
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} = new {}".format(self.lvalue, self.contract_name)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = new {self.contract_name}"

slither/slithir/tmp_operations/tmp_new_elementary_type.py

@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ class TmpNewElementaryType(OperationWithLValue):
         return self._type
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} = new {}".format(self.lvalue, self._type)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = new {self._type}"

slither/slithir/tmp_operations/tmp_new_structure.py

@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ class TmpNewStructure(OperationWithLValue):
         return []
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{} = tmpnew {}".format(self.lvalue, self.contract_name)
+        return f"{self.lvalue} = tmpnew {self.contract_name}"

slither/slithir/utils/ssa.py

@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ def copy_ir(ir, *instances):
         value = get_variable(ir, lambda x: x.value, *instances)
         return Length(value, lvalue)
 
-    raise SlithIRError("Impossible ir copy on {} ({})".format(ir, type(ir)))
+    raise SlithIRError(f"Impossible ir copy on {ir} ({type(ir)})")
 
 
 # endregion

slither/slithir/variables/constant.py

@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@ class Constant(SlithIRVariable):
         return self.value < other
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "%s" % (str(self.value))
+        return f"{str(self.value)}"

slither/slithir/variables/local_variable.py

@@ -69,5 +69,5 @@ class LocalIRVariable(
     @property
     def ssa_name(self):
         if self.is_storage:
-            return "{}_{} (-> {})".format(self._name, self.index, [v.name for v in self.refers_to])
+            return f"{self._name}_{self.index} (-> {[v.name for v in self.refers_to]})"
-        return "{}_{}".format(self._name, self.index)
+        return f"{self._name}_{self.index}"

slither/slithir/variables/reference.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class ReferenceVariable(ChildNode, Variable):
 
     @property
     def name(self):
-        return "REF_{}".format(self.index)
+        return f"REF_{self.index}"
 
     # overide of core.variables.variables
     # reference can have Function has a type

slither/slithir/variables/state_variable.py

@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ class StateIRVariable(
 
     @property
     def ssa_name(self):
-        return "{}_{}".format(self._name, self.index)
+        return f"{self._name}_{self.index}"

slither/slithir/variables/temporary.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class TemporaryVariable(ChildNode, Variable):
 
     @property
     def name(self):
-        return "TMP_{}".format(self.index)
+        return f"TMP_{self.index}"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name

slither/slithir/variables/tuple.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TupleVariable(ChildNode, SlithIRVariable):
 
     @property
     def name(self):
-        return "TUPLE_{}".format(self.index)
+        return f"TUPLE_{self.index}"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name

slither/solc_parsing/declarations/function.py

@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ class FunctionSolc(CallerContextExpression):
         if local_var_parser.underlying_variable.name:
             known_variables = [v.name for v in self._function.variables]
             while local_var_parser.underlying_variable.name in known_variables:
-                local_var_parser.underlying_variable.name += "_scope_{}".format(
+                local_var_parser.underlying_variable.name += (
-                    self._counter_scope_local_variables
+                    f"_scope_{self._counter_scope_local_variables}"
                 )
                 self._counter_scope_local_variables += 1
                 known_variables = [v.name for v in self._function.variables]
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ class FunctionSolc(CallerContextExpression):
         externalCall = statement.get("externalCall", None)
 
         if externalCall is None:
-            raise ParsingError("Try/Catch not correctly parsed by Slither %s" % statement)
+            raise ParsingError(f"Try/Catch not correctly parsed by Slither {statement}")
         catch_scope = Scope(
             node.underlying_node.scope.is_checked, False, node.underlying_node.scope
         )
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ class FunctionSolc(CallerContextExpression):
         block = statement.get("block", None)
 
         if block is None:
-            raise ParsingError("Catch not correctly parsed by Slither %s" % statement)
+            raise ParsingError(f"Catch not correctly parsed by Slither {statement}")
         try_scope = Scope(node.underlying_node.scope.is_checked, False, node.underlying_node.scope)
 
         try_node = self._new_node(NodeType.CATCH, statement["src"], try_scope)
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ class FunctionSolc(CallerContextExpression):
             link_underlying_nodes(node, new_node)
             node = new_node
         else:
-            raise ParsingError("Statement not parsed %s" % name)
+            raise ParsingError(f"Statement not parsed {name}")
 
         return node
 
@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ class FunctionSolc(CallerContextExpression):
             # We start with -1 as counter to catch this corner case
             end_node = self._find_end_loop(node, [], -1)
             if not end_node:
-                raise ParsingError("Break in no-loop context {}".format(node.function))
+                raise ParsingError(f"Break in no-loop context {node.function}")
 
         for son in node.sons:
             son.remove_father(node)
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ class FunctionSolc(CallerContextExpression):
         start_node = self._find_start_loop(node, [])
 
         if not start_node:
-            raise ParsingError("Continue in no-loop context {}".format(node.node_id))
+            raise ParsingError(f"Continue in no-loop context {node.node_id}")
 
         for son in node.sons:
             son.remove_father(node)

slither/solc_parsing/expressions/expression_parsing.py

@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ def parse_expression(expression: Dict, caller_context: CallerContextExpression)
             super_name = parse_super_name(expression, is_compact_ast)
             var, was_created = find_variable(super_name, caller_context, is_super=True)
             if var is None:
-                raise VariableNotFound("Variable not found: {}".format(super_name))
+                raise VariableNotFound(f"Variable not found: {super_name}")
             if was_created:
                 var.set_offset(src, caller_context.compilation_unit)
             sup = SuperIdentifier(var)
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ def parse_expression(expression: Dict, caller_context: CallerContextExpression)
             elif type_name[caller_context.get_key()] == "FunctionTypeName":
                 array_type = parse_type(type_name, caller_context)
             else:
-                raise ParsingError("Incorrect type array {}".format(type_name))
+                raise ParsingError(f"Incorrect type array {type_name}")
             array = NewArray(depth, array_type)
             array.set_offset(src, caller_context.compilation_unit)
             return array
@@ -646,4 +646,4 @@ def parse_expression(expression: Dict, caller_context: CallerContextExpression)
 
         raise ParsingError("IdentifierPath not currently supported for the legacy ast")
 
-    raise ParsingError("Expression not parsed %s" % name)
+    raise ParsingError(f"Expression not parsed {name}")

slither/solc_parsing/expressions/find_variable.py

@@ -407,4 +407,4 @@ def find_variable(
     if ret:
         return ret, False
 
-    raise VariableNotFound("Variable not found: {} (context {})".format(var_name, contract))
+    raise VariableNotFound(f"Variable not found: {var_name} (context {contract})")

slither/solc_parsing/variables/variable_declaration.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class VariableDeclarationSolc:
             elif nodeType == "VariableDeclaration":
                 self._init_from_declaration(variable_data, variable_data.get("value", None))
             else:
-                raise ParsingError("Incorrect variable declaration type {}".format(nodeType))
+                raise ParsingError(f"Incorrect variable declaration type {nodeType}")
 
         else:
             nodeType = variable_data["name"]
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class VariableDeclarationSolc:
             elif nodeType == "VariableDeclaration":
                 self._init_from_declaration(variable_data, False)
             else:
-                raise ParsingError("Incorrect variable declaration type {}".format(nodeType))
+                raise ParsingError(f"Incorrect variable declaration type {nodeType}")
 
     @property
     def underlying_variable(self) -> Variable:

slither/solc_parsing/yul/parse_yul.py

@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ def convert_yul_switch(
     expression_ast = ast["expression"]
 
     # this variable stores the result of the expression so we don't accidentally compute it more than once
-    switch_expr_var = "switch_expr_{}".format(ast["src"].replace(":", "_"))
+    switch_expr_var = f"switch_expr_{ast['src'].replace(':', '_')}"
 
     rewritten_switch = {
         "nodeType": "YulBlock",
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ def vars_to_typestr(rets: List[Expression]) -> str:
         return ""
     if len(rets) == 1:
         return str(rets[0].type)
-    return "tuple({})".format(",".join(str(ret.type) for ret in rets))
+    return f"tuple({','.join(str(ret.type) for ret in rets)})"
 
 
 def vars_to_val(vars_to_convert):

slither/tools/similarity/encode.py

@@ -142,35 +142,35 @@ def ntype(_type):  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
 def encode_ir(ir):  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
     # operations
     if isinstance(ir, Assignment):
-        return "({}):=({})".format(encode_ir(ir.lvalue), encode_ir(ir.rvalue))
+        return f"({encode_ir(ir.lvalue)}):=({encode_ir(ir.rvalue)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Index):
-        return "index({})".format(ntype(ir.index_type))
+        return f"index({ntype(ir.index_type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Member):
         return "member"  # .format(ntype(ir._type))
     if isinstance(ir, Length):
         return "length"
     if isinstance(ir, Binary):
-        return "binary({})".format(str(ir.type))
+        return f"binary({str(ir.type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Unary):
-        return "unary({})".format(str(ir.type))
+        return f"unary({str(ir.type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Condition):
-        return "condition({})".format(encode_ir(ir.value))
+        return f"condition({encode_ir(ir.value)})"
     if isinstance(ir, NewStructure):
         return "new_structure"
     if isinstance(ir, NewContract):
         return "new_contract"
     if isinstance(ir, NewArray):
-        return "new_array({})".format(ntype(ir.array_type))
+        return f"new_array({ntype(ir.array_type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, NewElementaryType):
-        return "new_elementary({})".format(ntype(ir.type))
+        return f"new_elementary({ntype(ir.type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Push):
-        return "push({},{})".format(encode_ir(ir.value), encode_ir(ir.lvalue))
+        return f"push({encode_ir(ir.value)},{encode_ir(ir.lvalue)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Delete):
-        return "delete({},{})".format(encode_ir(ir.lvalue), encode_ir(ir.variable))
+        return f"delete({encode_ir(ir.lvalue)},{encode_ir(ir.variable)})"
     if isinstance(ir, SolidityCall):
-        return "solidity_call({})".format(ir.function.full_name)
+        return f"solidity_call({ir.function.full_name})"
     if isinstance(ir, InternalCall):
-        return "internal_call({})".format(ntype(ir.type_call))
+        return f"internal_call({ntype(ir.type_call)})"
     if isinstance(ir, EventCall):  # is this useful?
         return "event"
     if isinstance(ir, LibraryCall):
@@ -182,13 +182,13 @@ def encode_ir(ir):  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
     if isinstance(ir, LowLevelCall):  # TODO: improve
         return "low_level_call"
     if isinstance(ir, TypeConversion):
-        return "type_conversion({})".format(ntype(ir.type))
+        return f"type_conversion({ntype(ir.type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Return):  # this can be improved using values
         return "return"  # .format(ntype(ir.type))
     if isinstance(ir, Transfer):
-        return "transfer({})".format(encode_ir(ir.call_value))
+        return f"transfer({encode_ir(ir.call_value)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Send):
-        return "send({})".format(encode_ir(ir.call_value))
+        return f"send({encode_ir(ir.call_value)})"
     if isinstance(ir, Unpack):  # TODO: improve
         return "unpack"
     if isinstance(ir, InitArray):  # TODO: improve
@@ -198,19 +198,19 @@ def encode_ir(ir):  # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
 
     # variables
     if isinstance(ir, Constant):
-        return "constant({})".format(ntype(ir.type))
+        return f"constant({ntype(ir.type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, SolidityVariableComposed):
-        return "solidity_variable_composed({})".format(ir.name)
+        return f"solidity_variable_composed({ir.name})"
     if isinstance(ir, SolidityVariable):
-        return "solidity_variable{}".format(ir.name)
+        return f"solidity_variable{ir.name}"
     if isinstance(ir, TemporaryVariable):
         return "temporary_variable"
     if isinstance(ir, ReferenceVariable):
-        return "reference({})".format(ntype(ir.type))
+        return f"reference({ntype(ir.type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, LocalVariable):
-        return "local_solc_variable({})".format(ir.location)
+        return f"local_solc_variable({ir.location})"
     if isinstance(ir, StateVariable):
-        return "state_solc_variable({})".format(ntype(ir.type))
+        return f"state_solc_variable({ntype(ir.type)})"
     if isinstance(ir, LocalVariableInitFromTuple):
         return "local_variable_init_tuple"
     if isinstance(ir, TupleVariable):

slither/tools/similarity/info.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def info(args):
         x = (filename, contract, fname)
         y = " ".join(irs[x])
 
-        to_log = "Function {} in contract {} is encoded as:".format(fname, contract)
+        to_log = f"Function {fname} in contract {contract} is encoded as:"
         logger.info(to_log)
         logger.info(y)
         if model is not None:
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def info(args):
             logger.info(fvector)
 
     except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-        to_log = "Error in %s" % args.filename
+        to_log = f"Error in {args.filename}"
         logger.error(to_log)
         logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
         sys.exit(-1)

slither/tools/similarity/plot.py

@@ -80,6 +80,6 @@ def plot(args):  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
         plt.savefig("plot.png", bbox_inches="tight")
 
     except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-        logger.error("Error in %s" % args.filename)
+        logger.error(f"Error in {args.filename}")
         logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
         sys.exit(-1)

slither/tools/similarity/test.py

@@ -47,6 +47,6 @@ def test(args):
             logger.info(format_table.format(*(list(x) + [score])))
 
     except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-        logger.error("Error in %s" % args.filename)
+        logger.error(f"Error in {args.filename}")
         logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
         sys.exit(-1)

slither/tools/similarity/train.py

@@ -49,6 +49,6 @@ def train(args):  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
         logger.info("Done!")
 
     except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-        logger.error("Error in %s" % args.filename)
+        logger.error(f"Error in {args.filename}")
         logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
         sys.exit(-1)

slither/tools/slither_format/slither_format.py

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def choose_detectors(detectors_to_run, detectors_to_exclude):
                     continue
                 cls_detectors_to_run.append(all_detectors[d])
             else:
-                raise Exception("Error: {} is not a detector".format(d))
+                raise Exception(f"Error: {d} is not a detector")
     return cls_detectors_to_run
 
 

slither/tools/upgradeability/__main__.py

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def main():
         v1_name = args.ContractName
         v1_contracts = variable1.get_contract_from_name(v1_name)
         if len(v1_contracts) != 1:
-            info = "Contract {} not found in {}".format(v1_name, variable1.filename)
+            info = f"Contract {v1_name} not found in {variable1.filename}"
             logger.error(red(info))
             if args.json:
                 output_to_json(args.json, str(info), json_results)

slither/tools/upgradeability/checks/abstract_checks.py

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class AbstractCheck(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                 info = "\n"
                 for result in all_results:
                     info += result["description"]
-                info += "Reference: {}".format(self.WIKI)
+                info += f"Reference: {self.WIKI}"
                 self._log(info)
         return all_results
 

slither/tools/upgradeability/utils/command_line.py

@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ def output_wiki(detector_classes, filter_wiki):
         exploit_scenario = detector.WIKI_EXPLOIT_SCENARIO
         recommendation = detector.WIKI_RECOMMENDATION
 
-        print("\n## {}".format(title))
+        print(f"\n## {title}")
         print("### Configuration")
-        print("* Check: `{}`".format(argument))
+        print(f"* Check: `{argument}`")
-        print("* Severity: `{}`".format(impact))
+        print(f"* Severity: `{impact}`")
         print("\n### Description")
         print(description)
         if exploit_scenario:
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def output_to_markdown(detector_classes, _filter_wiki):
     def extract_help(cls):
         if cls.WIKI == "":
             return cls.HELP
-        return "[{}]({})".format(cls.HELP, cls.WIKI)
+        return f"[{cls.HELP}]({cls.WIKI})"
 
     detectors_list = []
     for detector in detector_classes:
@@ -80,14 +80,7 @@ def output_to_markdown(detector_classes, _filter_wiki):
     idx = 1
     for (argument, help_info, impact, proxy, v2) in detectors_list:
         print(
-            "{} | `{}` | {} | {} | {} | {}".format(
+            f"{idx} | `{argument}` | {help_info} | {classification_txt[impact]} | {'X' if proxy else ''} | {'X' if v2 else ''}"
-                idx,
-                argument,
-                help_info,
-                classification_txt[impact],
-                "X" if proxy else "",
-                "X" if v2 else "",
-            )
         )
         idx = idx + 1
 

slither/utils/colors.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class Colors:  # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
 
 def colorize(color: Colors, txt: str) -> str:
     if Colors.COLORIZATION_ENABLED:
-        return "{}{}{}".format(color, txt, Colors.END)
+        return f"{color}{txt}{Colors.END}"
     return txt
 
 

slither/utils/command_line.py

@@ -68,19 +68,15 @@ def read_config_file(args):
                 for key, elem in config.items():
                     if key not in defaults_flag_in_config:
                         logger.info(
-                            yellow(
+                            yellow(f"{args.config_file} has an unknown key: {key} : {elem}")
-                                "{} has an unknown key: {} : {}".format(args.config_file, key, elem)
-                            )
                         )
                         continue
                     if getattr(args, key) == defaults_flag_in_config[key]:
                         setattr(args, key, elem)
         except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError as e:
-            logger.error(
+            logger.error(red(f"Impossible to read {args.config_file}, please check the file {e}"))
-                red("Impossible to read {}, please check the file {}".format(args.config_file, e))
-            )
     else:
-        logger.error(red("File {} is not a file or does not exist".format(args.config_file)))
+        logger.error(red(f"File {args.config_file} is not a file or does not exist"))
         logger.error(yellow("Falling back to the default settings..."))
 
 
@@ -88,7 +84,7 @@ def output_to_markdown(detector_classes, printer_classes, filter_wiki):
     def extract_help(cls):
         if cls.WIKI == "":
             return cls.HELP
-        return "[{}]({})".format(cls.HELP, cls.WIKI)
+        return f"[{cls.HELP}]({cls.WIKI})"
 
     detectors_list = []
     print(filter_wiki)
@@ -110,11 +106,7 @@ def output_to_markdown(detector_classes, printer_classes, filter_wiki):
     )
     idx = 1
     for (argument, help_info, impact, confidence) in detectors_list:
-        print(
+        print(f"{idx} | `{argument}` | {help_info} | {classification_txt[impact]} | {confidence}")
-            "{} | `{}` | {} | {} | {}".format(
-                idx, argument, help_info, classification_txt[impact], confidence
-            )
-        )
         idx = idx + 1
 
     print()
@@ -128,7 +120,7 @@ def output_to_markdown(detector_classes, printer_classes, filter_wiki):
     printers_list = sorted(printers_list, key=lambda element: (element[0]))
     idx = 1
     for (argument, help_info) in printers_list:
-        print("{} | `{}` | {}".format(idx, argument, help_info))
+        print(f"{idx} | `{argument}` | {help_info}")
         idx = idx + 1
 
 
@@ -214,11 +206,11 @@ def output_wiki(detector_classes, filter_wiki):
         exploit_scenario = detector.WIKI_EXPLOIT_SCENARIO
         recommendation = detector.WIKI_RECOMMENDATION
 
-        print("\n## {}".format(title))
+        print(f"\n## {title}")
         print("### Configuration")
-        print("* Check: `{}`".format(check))
+        print(f"* Check: `{check}`")
-        print("* Severity: `{}`".format(impact))
+        print(f"* Severity: `{impact}`")
-        print("* Confidence: `{}`".format(confidence))
+        print(f"* Confidence: `{confidence}`")
         print("\n### Description")
         print(description)
         if exploit_scenario:

slither/utils/comparable_enum.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ComparableEnum(Enum):
         return False
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "%s" % (str(self.value))
+        return f"{str(self.value)}"
 
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash(self.value)

slither/utils/expression_manipulations.py

@@ -135,5 +135,5 @@ class SplitTernaryExpression:
 
         else:
             raise SlitherException(
-                "Ternary operation not handled {}({})".format(expression, type(expression))
+                f"Ternary operation not handled {expression}({type(expression)})"
             )

slither/visitors/expression/expression.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class ExpressionVisitor:
             pass
 
         else:
-            raise SlitherError("Expression not handled: {}".format(expression))
+            raise SlitherError(f"Expression not handled: {expression}")
 
         self._post_visit(expression)
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class ExpressionVisitor:
             pass
 
         else:
-            raise SlitherError("Expression not handled: {}".format(expression))
+            raise SlitherError(f"Expression not handled: {expression}")
 
     # pre_expression_name
 
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class ExpressionVisitor:
             pass
 
         else:
-            raise SlitherError("Expression not handled: {}".format(expression))
+            raise SlitherError(f"Expression not handled: {expression}")
 
     # post_expression_name
 

slither/visitors/expression/expression_printer.py

@@ -21,26 +21,26 @@ class ExpressionPrinter(ExpressionVisitor):
     def _post_assignement_operation(self, expression):
         left = get(expression.expression_left)
         right = get(expression.expression_right)
-        val = "{} {} {}".format(left, expression.type, right)
+        val = f"{left} {expression.type} {right}"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_binary_operation(self, expression):
         left = get(expression.expression_left)
         right = get(expression.expression_right)
-        val = "{} {} {}".format(left, expression.type, right)
+        val = f"{left} {expression.type} {right}"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_call_expression(self, expression):
         called = get(expression.called)
-        arguments = [get(x) for x in expression.arguments if x]
+        arguments = ",".join([get(x) for x in expression.arguments if x])
-        val = "{}({})".format(called, ",".join(arguments))
+        val = f"{called}({arguments})"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_conditional_expression(self, expression):
         if_expr = get(expression.if_expression)
         else_expr = get(expression.else_expression)
         then_expr = get(expression.then_expression)
-        val = "if {} then {} else {}".format(if_expr, else_expr, then_expr)
+        val = f"if {if_expr} then {else_expr} else {then_expr}"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_elementary_type_name_expression(self, expression):
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class ExpressionPrinter(ExpressionVisitor):
     def _post_index_access(self, expression):
         left = get(expression.expression_left)
         right = get(expression.expression_right)
-        val = "{}[{}]".format(left, right)
+        val = f"{left}[{right}]"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_literal(self, expression):
@@ -61,41 +61,41 @@ class ExpressionPrinter(ExpressionVisitor):
     def _post_member_access(self, expression):
         expr = get(expression.expression)
         member_name = str(expression.member_name)
-        val = "{}.{}".format(expr, member_name)
+        val = f"{expr}.{member_name}"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_new_array(self, expression):
         array = str(expression.array_type)
         depth = expression.depth
-        val = "new {}{}".format(array, "[]" * depth)
+        val = f"new {array}{'[]' * depth}"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_new_contract(self, expression):
         contract = str(expression.contract_name)
-        val = "new {}".format(contract)
+        val = f"new {contract}"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_new_elementary_type(self, expression):
         t = str(expression.type)
-        val = "new {}".format(t)
+        val = f"new {t}"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_tuple_expression(self, expression):
         expressions = [get(e) for e in expression.expressions if e]
-        val = "({})".format(",".join(expressions))
+        val = f"({','.join(expressions)})"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_type_conversion(self, expression):
         t = str(expression.type)
         expr = get(expression.expression)
-        val = "{}({})".format(t, expr)
+        val = f"{t}({expr})"
         set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_unary_operation(self, expression):
         t = str(expression.type)
         expr = get(expression.expression)
         if expression.is_prefix:
-            val = "{}{}".format(t, expr)
+            val = f"{t}{expr}"
         else:
-            val = "{}{}".format(expr, t)
+            val = f"{expr}{t}"
         set_val(expression, val)

slither/visitors/slithir/expression_to_slithir.py

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class ExpressionToSlithIR(ExpressionVisitor):
                 set_val(expression, val)
 
     def _post_conditional_expression(self, expression):
-        raise Exception("Ternary operator are not convertible to SlithIR {}".format(expression))
+        raise Exception(f"Ternary operator are not convertible to SlithIR {expression}")
 
     def _post_elementary_type_name_expression(self, expression):
         set_val(expression, expression.type)
@@ -517,4 +517,4 @@ class ExpressionToSlithIR(ExpressionVisitor):
             self._result.append(operation)
             set_val(expression, lvalue)
         else:
-            raise SlithIRError("Unary operation to IR not supported {}".format(expression))
+            raise SlithIRError(f"Unary operation to IR not supported {expression}")